THE INFLUENCE OF SUPER SPORT ON EPL FOLLOWERSHIP BY STUDENT OF FED. POLY NEKEDE.

THE INFLUENCE OF SUPER SPORT ON EPL FOLLOWERSHIP BY STUDENT OF FED. POLY NEKEDE. TABLE OF CONTENT Preliminary page Title page Approval page Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of content CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Statement of the problem 1.3 Objective of the study 1.4 Research Question 1.5 Statement of hypothesis 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Scope of the study 1.8 Limitation of the study 1.9 Definition of terms CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Research design and methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research design 3.3 Source/methodology of data collection 3.4 Population and sample size 3.5 Sample technique 3.6 Validity and reliability of measuring instrument33 3.7 Method of data analysis CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Presentation and analysis of datA 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Presentation of data 4.3 Analysis of data 4.4 Test of hypothesis 4.5 Interpretation of result CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Summary, conclusion and Recommendation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Summary of findings 5.3 Conclusion References Appendix Abstract In recent times, sport has been exploited as tool for engendering peace in communities, cities, and between nations of the world. At the same time, numerous writers have raised questions and doubts as to whether it has the capacity to transform individuals, and change conflict/violent behaviors. This study, a participatory research, observed the influence of football fanaticism/support in bringing together youths and non-youths alike to develop a new sense of identity (ethnicity), different from those based on primordial factors of common descent, language, religion, and cultural heritage, which create growing concern for violent conflict. My research discovered that football’s capacity to integrate people was high but could, if not controlled, produce another form of ethnic conflict based on club identity. A primary recommendation is that, if sport (football) is to be designed for peace building, tolerance education must be introduced for football lovers. CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction Mass Media refers to any means of information addressed to society members. Various forms of the media which have the stronger capacity to impart on the society are radio and television, termed electronic media. Others include the internet, newspapers and billboards. These afore-mentioned media can affect the society negatively and positively. They have become powerful tools which are capable of shaping a family's cultural values, which if not used positively, may lead to many undesirable results such as domestic violence, psychological disturbances, juvenile delinquencies and many more. It is widely known that the media can teach norms and values by way of symbolic reward and punishment for different kinds of behaviours. We live in a society that depends on information and communication to keep moving in the right direction. Hence the society relies on the media to get the current news (within and outside), facts about everything that concerns our lives and also keep us entertained. 1.1 Background of the study Nigerians have formed part of the global followers of the European football, especially the British premiership league. The national media’s specialty at covering and broadcasting of European football has been unprecedented. The passion, zeal, accuracy, and dexterity with which presenters of football matches broadcast and run commentary of the premiership and other leagues in Europe increases viewers’ love and interest for the game of football. Also developed in viewers is the interest to identify with a club side as a fan/supporter. The followership could be compared to that experienced with the Nigerian local football league in the 1970 and mid 80s, which has since been reduced drastically because of poor organization. Apart from the national media, another medium providing Nigerians with the avenue to view live coverage of these matches is the pay per-view centers, scattered all across the nation’s cities. These viewing centers, specializing in providing pay per view services of European football matches, have increased tremendously since the beginning of the 21st century when more cable television net-works entered into the business with fairly affordable subscription rates. Audiences viewing games, plus fanatic support for particular clubs, have increased. An average Nigerian youth and adult (male and female) are happy to identify as fan of a chosen club side in the European football league. Visits at these viewing centers will find fans displaying knowledge of clubs history and player’s profiles, as well as mini-fans club (non-formalized club). All members are known and are identified as “our man’ and “our club” showing their unflinching support and love for their chosen club. In 2006 and 2007, the effects of English premiership on Nigerians (youths and adults alike) took a new dimension when fans began to label streets after particular football club in the English premiership. There was conflict in parts of Lagos and Ibadan, and other parts of the country, which in some cases lead to violence and killings between supporters of different clubs. Is ethnic identity growing from this? On the surface, it seems that the characteristics of ethnicity are observably on the rise. With this picture, one may conclude that football is an instigator in causing conflict and the same time at integrating people – a strong point or element in peace and community building. In view of this, my interest in studying events at these viewing centers to verify the seeming strength of football, to integrate a diverse people of different cultures, language, gender, and religion, (of which was the basis Nigeria had suffered and still fear disintegration and disunity) was stimulated. This paper includes analyses of the strength and weakness of football as a strategy for engendering peace, and recommends preventive measures for controlling the violent conflict tendencies that football followership/fanaticism generates. 1.2 Statement of the problem The influence of super sports on EPL followership by student of fed. Poly. Nekede has created a high rate of un-seriousness to the student of the institution and other student outside fed. Poly Nekede and the society which could result to serious social problem for the society. 1.3 Objective of the study The objective of the study are to determine: 2 The need of super sport on student. 3 The effect of super sport on EPL followership by student. 4 How super sport on EPL followership can influence student of fed. Poly. Nekede. 5 Some necessary recommendations of E.P.L. to student and entire society. 1.4 Research Question 1. What is E.P.L.? 2. What is super sport? 3. Who is a Student? 4. What are the effect super sport to epl and student 5. What is the importance of watching super sport? 6. Can watching super sport solve a problem to a student? 7. Who are the E.P.L. followers? 8. What is the nature of ethnicity that football support and fanaticism has developed in Nigeria? 9. Have there been inter-group conflicts as a result of football supports? 10. What the causes of inter-groups conflicts? 11. Where there are no open conflicts, are there inter-group prejudice and discrimination based on football support/fanaticism? Has there been any evidence of ethnic integrations based on football followership? 1.5 Statement of hypothesis Hypothesis one H0! The E.P.L. does not have a well designed followership structure H1! The E.P.L. has a well designed followership structured. 1.6 Significance of the study When the study is concluded, the entire public will find this study useful by knowing THE INFLUENCE OF SUPER SPORT ON EPL FOLLOWERSHIP BY STUDENT OF FED. POLY NEKEDE. Future researchers who may need secondary data for other research work in related topics will find this research work useful. This is because a perusal through the finding and recommendation will reveal that SUPER SPORT has a huge INFLUENCE ON EPL FOLLOWERSHIP. More especially on students. This research work will also be of immense help to super sport viewers, government, instutitions etc. That may be interested to know how influential E.P.L. is to its followers. 1.7 Scope of the study This study covers football followership of the English premier league in the year of 2007/2008 football season. Three case studies of pay per-view centers from multi-ethnic residential areas within Nekede, Imo state of Nigeria were observed because of the heterogeneous nature of the residents of the area. This research work tends or aimed at examine THE INFLUENCE OF SUPER SPORT ON EPL FOLLOWERSHIP BY STUDENT OF FED. POLY NEKEDE. This study tries to covey the way\ways or the important role the SUPER SPORT ON EPL FOLLOWERSHIP. Therefore the researcher thought it is wise to write on THE INFLUENCE OF SUPER SPORT ON EPL FOLLOWERSHIP, focusing on STUDENT OF FED. POLY NEKEDE as a case study. 1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY Some problems were encountered during this research\ project work such as: 1. TIME CONTRAINT; The researcher has no sufficient time to frequent the area of study due to compiled academic works facing him. He also has limited time in fixing the facts collected during the research work. 2. INFORMATION CONSTRAINTS The research encountered high compliance from the case study (fed. Poly nekede student) due to secrecy of some information. 3. FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT The researcher has problem financing this work. This was due to the fact that during this work, there was drastic increase in the cost of living, transport, printing and binding of project. However, I thank God for making me (researcher) to finish the work and present it fairly. 4. Another problem the researcher has was getting the recent three –five financial statements (annual report) of the company to aid this work. 1.9 Definition of terms CHATER TWO 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW It is wise to clarify issues, concepts, and possibly develop a framework that would afford a clearer understanding of the focus of this research study. Football followership of the multi-ethnic nature of Nigeria - looking at its ethnic conflict experiences and the connection between peace and sports - are reviewed. Fanaticism is taken as the act of fondness for which an individual extends his supports, solidarity, and is emotionally attached to a club. Fanaticism could as well mean followership and in that case, a fan is a supporter or a follower of a football club. Fanaticism, fan, followers, and supporters are therefore in this paper referred to as having the same meaning and used interchangeably in this paper. Conceptualizing Ethnicity Defining ethnicity is not easy. Controversy emerges from whether ethnic group and ethnicity should have different meaning or not. Burgess (1978) is convinced that ethnicity is a synthesis of ethnic group, meaning that it can only be understood through each other. Two sets of debates provide insight into the term ethnicity. They are rational versus non-rational and the objective and subjective schools of thoughts. The rationalist believe in a logical reasoning emphasized upon voluntary, functional pragmatic situational nature of ethnicity, unlike the non-rationalist who see ethnicity as not just a group of people believing in primordial evidence of common decent but a changing need for people to group together to respond to social pressures and a basis for group action. Adam (1971) observe that ethnic identification should be seen as the result of efforts by under- privileged groups to improve their lot through collective mobilization, or conversely, the efforts of a super-ordinate group to preserve the privileges they enjoy by exploiting subjected groups. The objective criterion sees ethnicity as one group allegiance, one class of group membership, one kind of link or bond between individuals; one form of social diversity, or one sort of social status (Parsons, 1954, quoted from Burgess, 1978). Following this sense, Elaine Burgess states that ethnicity becomes the character, quality, or condition of belonging to an ethnic group and ethnic group in itself. From these, one may describe ethnicity as the quality or character, which a group possess and manifests, while it identifies an ethnic group once these qualities and characters are observable over a long period of time. The subjective criteria refer to the socio-psychological aspects or the affective ties of ethnicity, although these are frequently related back to the objective perspectives of conceiving ethnic groups. Weber (1968) viewed ethnic membership as a subjective belief, a kind of presumed identity, which is the psychological category essential for individual motivation. Brass (1976), based on this, identifies ethnicity as the ethnic identity felt by members of the ethnic community or group. With all these, ethnicity could be taken as solidarity, attachment, and emotional feeling or tie towards a group or individuals sharing same ideology, interest, sentiments, enjoyments and exhibit some level of discrimination and defend together against opposition groups. This defense or discrimination could be expressed either through verbal comments or physical violence. In order words, a football supporter’s club is an ethnic group and their discriminations, violence, and defense is an act of ethnicity. In this reference, ethnicity may exclude descent, language, religion, class, and status. The ability of football to bring people of different ethnic backgrounds (defined under primordial concepts of common descent, language, and heritage or culture) together to exhibit a common interest and acting under same group umbrella as fans club could as well be regarded as an ethnic group. 2.2 The Multi-ethnic nature of Nigeria The nature of ethnicity in Nigeria is based upon descent, language, and religion. In spite of the little variation identifiable among these ethnic groups, their collective strength is built on racial descent. Inherent conflicts makes this less effective because among these racial groups are discriminations and internal stereotypes. Ethnicity in Nigeria is inseparable from certain goals to attain scarce resources (Imobighe, 2003; Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution, IPCR 2003). This is shown by communal violence between the three major ethnic groups in their struggle for political power, as well as those self-determination struggles between majority and minority groups. Nigeria is not a new example of a multi-ethnic country; its ethnic makeup makes it a highly conflict-prone state. The diversity in ethnic groups, numbering 389 according to Otite (2000), indicates Nigeria is delicately fragile, requiring strong proactive management approaches to ensure positive ethnic relations among all. The complexity of the nation’s ethnic constitution, however, was to prove fears correct with the outbreak of civil war in the late 1960s. Ever since, the question of how to manage the diversity effectively has been asked. Most strategies, applied to handle this diversity, aimed to integrate Nigerians by catching them young through the establishment of unity schools and national youth service corps. Other strategies project equal representation of all ethnic groups - major and minority groups - through the federal character policy and quota system to ensure appointments in political and civil service offices to attain a balanced representation among the ethnic groups, at least among the three major ethnic groups – Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba (Osaghea, 1992). These strategies have proven in ineffective at the face of obvious violent conflicts among ethnic groups who had coexisted in peace - before colonization, during it, and at independence. Imobighe (2003) records that, from 1998 to 2003, over 50 ethno-religious conflicts occurred in Nigeria, indicating that the national unity and cohesion was not formidable. However, via third party interventions, all of these violent self-determinations, in which youths were active in militia, were resolved. Where that leaves Nigeria is that mutual suspicion and distrust continues to exist among these ethnic groups, over political appointments, signs of marginalization, or subjugations and distributions of development projects (Majaro-Majesty, 2006). In his study he underscored the need for increases in peace-building education and integration of conflict transformation strategies to ensure demilitarization, and reintegration of militia and community people to positive civil living, to increase faith and hope in the nation and among coexisting former adversaries. Stereotypes and superiority tendencies are major inhibitors in interactions between two individual from opposite ethnic groups in Nigeria (Majaro-Majesty, 2008). While strategies to cement relationships between persons often depends on the avenues that workplace, schools, businesses (market place), political forum, and even sports could provide, the need to treat the minds that carry stereotypes and paradynamic references is high. If sport is to be taken as a strategy for treating stereotypes and paradynamic assumptions, change agents and their agencies must have a good knowledge of peace-building, gain conflict and behavior transformation. 2.3 SPORTS AND PEACE-BUILDING Sport has been defined to have very close relationship with recreation and competition. The purpose it serves is increasing in scope in today’s world. Coakley (1994) defined sports as:… an institutional competitive activity that involves vigorous physical exertion or the use of relatively complex physical skills by individuals whose participation is motivated by a combination of the intrinsic satisfaction associated with the activity itself and the external rewards earned through participation. Wuest and Bucher (1999) define sport as recreation, as a socially acceptable and non-profit oriented activity performed during leisure hours which provides immediate and inherent satisfactions to participants. Mull, Bayless, Ross and Jamieson (1997) see recreation as a means, through which people are educated on how to lead a positive live in their leisure hours. Leisure is taken as a period when an individual is not engaged in any activity to earn a living. Derived from this then, sport is not just leisure; it is also employable for other uses. United Nations (2003) defines sport as all forms of physical activity that contributes to physical fitness, mental well-being, and social interaction. This underscores sport and recreation as providers of a forum for acquiring skills such as discipline, confidence, and leadership and also as a medium for teaching core principles such as tolerance, cooperation, and respect. It teaches victory and defeat management. These skills are vital elements in peace-building to which sport can contribute. Peace itself is not just a situation without conflict and violence; it also depicts a situation in which an individual feels secured, represented under an atmosphere of justice and equal right. This means an individual’s view is represented and his/her human rights respected. Jeong (2000) identified two types of peace - negative and positive. Negative peace is a state of absence of war or direct physical violence, because stability could be generated by oppressiveness (Wehr, 1979). Positive peace is a state without war or direct violence, but in addition to that, is the absence of indirect structural violence and inclusion of social values and institutions. Doucet (1996) identified synonyms that could be used to understand peace as harmony, order, and justice. The connection between sport and peace-building, drawing from the above therefore, is that sport can be used to achieve peace for communities in conflict, through character formation of individuals and creation of a forum for interactions. Apart from reconstruction of political structures (democracy and constitution), judiciary system, support of free market and so on, peace-building is known to adopt to create a balanced fields for equal right and elimination of injustices which produces conflict. Sport could help peace builders in the transformation of the minds from violence, and stereotyping of former adversaries as enemies. How we build harmony, order, and encourage justice within the communities is a priority when adopting sports as a mechanism. Using sport as a tool would certainly bring about some new attitude such as discipline, confidence, leadership, tolerance, cooperation, and respect. This behavior training through sport is accomplished through programs, such as physical and psycho-social rehabilitation projects, aimed at engendering positive relationships between enemies and projects that seek to use values and inherent conflict potential of sporting competition to teach participants, responsibility, neutrality, equality, inclusivity, rule-based behavior. These anchors justify the trust that the United Nations has on sport it as able to help nations and individuals live in peaceful coexistence. It is fair to ask - would participants (sportsmen and women) alone make up the society? Would other members of the society not require such training that sport provides for its participants? Football, for instance, has a large followership with club sides having their large fans base. Would it not be an incomplete result if sportsmen alone benefit from transformation training against stereotypes and prejudices and fans are left out? What would be the effects of sports on the supporters? The closest route to answering to these questions is by identifying what sports do (or football does) to intervene in conflict prevention and contribute to peace-building: One, organizers of sports training and competition aim to create space for people to meet and interact freely. Second, they create an atmosphere where through frequent contacts, friendship, and better understanding of two diverging ethnic groups/communities is acquired. Third, it attempts to break enemy identity placed on members of either ethnic group/communities in conflict or former adversaries. Sports (for instance, football) have the ability to create pleasure and with it, create the avenue for people to interact and access each other, in open communication and common activity. In Nigeria, therefore, football followership or fanaticism may create passions, emotional attachments required for people of like minds to interact across borders of ethnicity. Pay per-view centres could be an avenue for such interactions where open communications and stereotypes/ prejudices, inherited from older people and ancestors, are gradually broken. But how does this created atmosphere for interactions imbue tolerance, leadership, and respect for others, as well as cooperation responsibility, spirit of equality, and justice, fair play, and other rule-based behaviors in fans? 2.4 BRIEF HISTORY ON E.P.L. AND SUPERSPORT BRIEF HISTORY ON E.P.L. What is now known as the English Premier League has its roots in an earlier league, called the Football League, which was originally founded in 1888. The Football League, also known as the npower Football League for sponsorship reasons, is a league competition featuring professional association football clubs from England and Wales. Founded in 1888, it is the oldest such competition in world football. It was the top level football league in England from its foundation until 1992. Since 1995 it has had 72 clubs evenly divided into three divisions, which are currently known as The Championship, League One and League Two. Promotion and relegation between these divisions is a central feature of the League and is further extended to allow the top Championship clubs to exchange places with the lowest placed clubs in the Premier League. A director of Aston Villa, William McGregor, was the first to set out to bring some order to a chaotic world where clubs arranged their own fixtures. On March 2, 1888, he wrote to the committee of his own club, Aston Villa, as well as to those of Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Preston North End and West Bromwich Albion, suggesting the creation of a league competition that would provide a number of guaranteed fixtures for its member clubs each season. The first meeting was held at Anderson's Hotel in London on March 23, 1888, on the eve of the FA Cup Final. The Football League was formally created and named in Manchester at a further meeting on April 17 at the Royal Hotel. BRIEF HISTORY ON SUPERSPORT Born in South Africa, executive Koos Bekker completed his MBA from Columbia University in 1984 and returned to his home country thereafter. During his studies, he had followed the rise of pay television in the United States, convinced that the model could work in South Africa. Back in South Africa, Bekker convinced Nasionale Pers (now Naspers) of the idea and a consortium was formed with other media companies, including the defunct Perskor, the Argus Group (now Independent Media) and Johnnic Communications (now Avusa). The South African government was persuaded to award M-Net a broadcasting license, as Nasionale Pers's advertising revenue had shrunk dramatically since the launch of television in 1976. Naspers broadly supported the National Party's policies. In 1986, M-Net was launched as South Africa's first pay-television channel and, along with Canal+, only the second outside of the United States. The channel immediately showed its intention to include sport in its programming lineup, by securing exclusive rights of an important Currie Cup match between Transvaal and Western Province for its first ever broadcast. From 1988, sports coverage on M-Net ran under the banner of M-Net SuperSport. M-Net SuperSport expanded its range of coverage, including live overseas rugby, cricket, golf, boxing and cycling. Following South Africa's readmission into international cricket, SuperSport scored another marketing coup by securing exclusive rights to the 1992 Cricket World Cup. When rugby turned professional in 1995, a deal was struck between the newly formed SANZAR and Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. In South Africa, SuperSport was awarded exclusive broadcasting rights of the Super 12 competition, as well as the Tri Nations. Following this deal, rugby gradually ceased broadcasting on the SABC, while SuperSport became a carrier of live rugby broadcasts. At the same time, Naspers expanded its pay-television operations to a satellite carrier. With the launch of DStv in 1995, SuperSport became a multi-channel network and an independent brand, although it was still primarily associated with M-Net. The network made full use of the satellite platform to expand its sports offering: For the Olympic Games, six channels are generally used for live events. In 2007, the SABC lost its exclusive rights to the local Premier Soccer League (PSL) to SuperSport, in a deal worth R1.6 billion. The deal stipulated that some matches had to be shared with the SABC. In August 2011, SuperSport renewed its contract with the PSL for another five years. Since 2011, SuperSport's association with M-Net began to fade, when M-Net split its terrestrial feed from its DStv channel. DStv viewers can no longer watch sports events on M-Net, although terrestrial subscribers still get feeds on the main channel, as well as the Community Services Network (CSN). A Premier Soccer League team bears the channel's name. SuperSport United F.C. was originally known as Pretoria City but bought by M-Net in 1995 after which it was renamed. 2.5 List of Super sport channels • SuperSport 1 HD (South Africa) • SuperSport 1A (Rest of Africa) • SuperSport 2 HD (South Africa) • SuperSport 2A (Rest of Africa) • SuperSport 3 HD (South Africa) • SuperSport 3A (Rest of Africa) • SuperSport 3N (Nigeria) • SuperSport 4 HD (South Africa) • SuperSport 4A (Rest of Africa) • SuperSport 5 HD (South Africa) • Supersport 5A (Rest of Africa) • SuperSport 5N (Nigeria) • SuperSport 6 HD (South Africa) • SuperSport 6A (Rest of Africa) • SuperSport 7 HD (South Africa & Rest of Africa) • SuperSport 7N (Nigeria) • SuperSport 8 (Southern Africa) • SuperSport 9 (Southern Africa) • SuperSport 9E (Kenya) • SuperSport Blitz (News) • Supersport Select (South Africa and Benin) • SuperSport Select 1 (Rest of Africa) • SuperSport Select 2 (Rest of Africa) • SuperSport Maximo 1 (Portuguese Channel) • SuperSport Maximo 2 (Portuguese Channel) • SuperSport Maxmo 360 (Angola only) (Portuguese Channel) SuperSport 1 SuperSport 1 is the channel which focuses mainly on rugby. It shows all South African rugby matches live. SuperSport 1 also broadcasts live golf SuperSport 2 SuperSport 2 primarily shows Cricket. All international cricket involving the South African national cricket team, as well as certain domestic cricket, is shown on this channel. This channel also broadcasts other sport such as Motorsports including Formula One and World Rally Championship, motorcycle racing including MotoGP and the Superbike World Championship and Cycling. SuperSport 3 SuperSport 3 is a 24 hour soccer channel, the first of its kind in Africa. SuperSport has the exclusive rights of telecasting the Premier League, UEFA Champions League, the FA Cup and other major soccer tournaments. SuperSport 4 SuperSport 4 focuses mainly on domestic soccer matches in South Africa and other African countries through live broadcasts, magazine shows and highlights. They now show Premier Soccer League (PSL) matches every Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday as part of their "Supa Diski" shows. The channel also shows many PSL themed news and talk shows under the "PSL TV" brand. These shows air at least one new show nightly. They include Exxtra Time, Back Pages, Mzansi Legends, National First Division Show, PSL News, Thursday Night Live With Robert Marawa, Love PSL and various club magazine shows. All local matches have Zulu with most having Sotho as well. As this channel is locally orientated and is included on the Compact bouquet. SuperSport 5 SuperSport 5 broadcasts different sports such as Golf, Motorsport, Tennis, swimming, athletics etc. It shows live as well as highlights. It also shows soccer when there is an overflow from the Supersport 3 channel. SuperSport 6 SuperSport 6 is an alternate Cricket channel. When there are two or more cricket matches at the same time, the other match is shown on this channel. It also broadcasts Motorsport, athletics and a variety of other sports and magazIne programmes. SuperSport 7 SuperSport 7 also broadcasts a variety of sports including boxing, soccer, athletics, Motorsport, Golf, Tennis and WWE. It broadcasts matches live as well as shows and highlights. SuperSport 7 also broadcasts La Liga and Premier League matches. SuperSport 8 SuperSport primarily broadcasts locally produced highlights packages of the minor sports, including Mountainbiking, Fishing, Trail Running & Motorsport, amongst others. It is used as an overflow channel and broadcasts in Standard Definition. SuperSport Blitz SuperSport Blitz is the channel which broadcasts news and updates regarding different sports from around the world. It was originally called Supersport Update with news in a longer format to that which it is now. This channel is designed to update the people who missed the live broadcasts. They broadcast updates regarding scores and results of matches. When there is more than one PSL match available, the other will be shown here. SuperSport Maximo SuperSport Maximo is the Portuguese-language channel that broadcasts the same events from the other SuperSport channels, available mainly all the countries of the Lusophone Africa, but also in other African countries including South Africa (only for SuperSport Maximo 1). 2.6 THE INFLUENCES OF SUPER SPORT ON E.P.L FOLLOWERSHIP BY STUDENT OF FED. POLY Generally people use television as their past time, that is to say people love watching television but people do not just watch any telecast program instead they watch programs that capture their interests. It is from this angle that we look at SUPER SPORT contents, apart from the fact that you have variety of programs to watch at your disposal, the contents matter the most. From the survey carried out and based on the researcher's observations, it is open to reason that SUPER SPORT contents direct the day today activities of the Nigerian society. The survey has shown that more than half of the sampled populations watch SPORT programs. Programs like' Champion league, lalega, Spanish league, English league. People stay glued to their television sets because of these notable programs. Television, when appropriately managed and supervised, can be a positive influence in people's lives, especially children. 2.7 POSITIVE INFLUENCES: The Media Awareness Network explains in its article, 'The Good Things about Super sport channel', that channel can be a very powerful and effective learning tool for children/student if used wisely. The article states that the channel can help young people discover where they fit into in the society, develop closer relationships with peers and teach them to understand complex social aspects of communication. Super sport is an inescapable part of modern culture. It provides the entire world with messages from the four corners of the globe, linking people with one another. Super sport has some priceless educational programs which provide wide range of knowledge to people. The researcher would like to state that from the survey carried out, all the respondents agree that Super sport contents have positive influence in their lives. Every channel has the ability to impart positive on the viewers which are society members but at the same time could change the convention families have grown up with. Part from the above mentioned, sport and super sport channels teaches on how to physically fit, which help student to exercise the body and stay healthy, it has helped those student of Fed poly who are loves of sport to winner prizes in the school sport by mainly using one or two of the tartice they learnt from the super sport tactice in their foot ball competitions. It has helped them to cater for the school fees by mainly watching and beting and winning huge amount of money at the viewing center with this school Fed. Polytechnic nekede. Some channels like the 4, air domestic soccer matches in South Africa and other African countries through live broadcasts, magazine shows and highlights. They now show Premier Soccer League (PSL) matches every Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday as part of their "Supa Diski" shows 2.8 NEGATIVE INFLUENCES. Television is one of the most prevalent media influences in people's lives. It has become a member of almost every single family and mainly the students in our society. And not just an ordinary member, but a very important one, because the time spent next to it exceeds the amount of time spent with their books. Many of the students no longer reads the book because they spend all the time at the viewing centers, some of them mount Dstv cables only for the aim of watching super sport. The researcher find out that 80 percent are lovers of Super sport and can any amount of money to watch foot ball at the viewing center often than buying and reading their text book as regular as possible. Nowadays, resulting this phenomenon, Student who always go to the view center are influence by bad peer groups. Violence becomes an ordinary way of interaction, alongside with anger when they have noticed that their supporters or liked team are failing. Another issue that calls for concern is, when an individual, especially a child spends a lot of time watching favorite programs can result to a very high possibility of damaging the eye mechanics, and the ability to focus and pay attention could be diverted. Furthermore, another negative influence that is connected with the sight is the spoiling of the hearing due to the shortage of auditory stimulation. Even if the programs watched are not violent, if they are watched per hours may have a deep impact on the personality, causing psychological and physiological problems. All the hidden effects in the films and commercials can subconsciously depress children and even parents. Individuals may become scared of what they had observed on television that it might cause depression and emotional misbalance. Television prevents children from doing their home work and adults from completing their work, influencing in a very bad manner the school grades and work productivity. It can lower the overage level of physical fitness of a person, breaking the coordination. Children being attached to the TV-set loose the possibility to learn the world through real nature, games, sports and so on. In cases like this, men who love watching SUPERSPORTS or women who love watching AFRICAN MAGIC channels are mostly affected. CHAPTER THREE 3.0 RESAERCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY This chapter focused on the procedures adopted by the researcher in carrying out the study. it includes; research design, source/methodology of data collection, population and sample size, sample techniques, validity and reliability of measuring instruments and method of data analysis. 3.1 INTRODUCTION The study examines the INFLUENCE OF SUPER SPORT ON EPL FOLLOWERSHIP BY STUDENT OF FED. POLY NEKEDE. 1.0 3.2 RESEACH DESIGN A description survey types is used in this research work because it is descriptive in nature and attempt to describe, interpret, and explain THE INFLUENCE OF SUPER SPORT ON EPL FOLLOWERSHIP BY STUDENT OF FED. POLY NEKEDE. 3.2 SOURCE /METHODOLOGY OF DATA COLLECTION The questionnaires were distributed by hand and collected immediately from the respondents 3.4 POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE The population of this study was made up of all students selected in the four (4) departments. Sample size of 70 staff was used during this research. S/N departments Population 1 Mass com. 40 2 Marketing 20 3 Mechanical eng. 30 4 Science tech. Total 19 109 3.5 SAMPLE TECHNIQUES A sample of four (4) department of fed.poly. nekede was used, mass communication department, marketing department, mechanical eng. Department and science tech department, with total population of 109 student. Department from fed. poly Nekede are represented in this number. S/n Name of department Population Sample 1 mass communication department 40 25 2 marketing department 20 14 3 Mechanical eng. Department 30 21 4 science tech department 19 10 Total Total 109 70 3.6 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF MEASURING INSTRUMENT. The information was vetted by the research supervisor and one other lecturer in measurement and evaluation for content validity and reliability. 3.7 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS The method of data analysis that was used will be presented in tabular form and analyzised in percentage using F÷N×100÷1 F= means frequency /or number of response N= is the total number of response. CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 4.1 INTRODUCTION In chapter three, we explained the method of by which the data collected would be analyzed to produce the results on this statement, we collected the required data and with the use of sample percentage as were analyzed based on their subject to the research question. 4.2 DATA ANALYSIS The data collected was carried out with instrument which is the questionnaire. The analysis on the questionnaire was one part in line with the research question they intend to answer. The questionnaire contains 10 items for clear understanding of the result the data are presented in table. Research Question One: 1. What is E.P.L.? 2. What is super sport? 3. Who is a Student? 4. What is the importance of watching super sport? 5. Who are the E.P.L. followers? 6. Where there are no open conflicts, are there inter-group prejudice and discrimination based on football support/fanaticism? Has there been any evidence of ethnic integrations based on football followership? Research Question Two: Does super sport influence EPL and student Table 4.1 Analyzing the response to test the hypothesis Option No. of response Percentage Agreed 90 83% Disagreed 10 9% Both 5 5% No answer 4 3% Total 109 100% From the above analysis, 83% agreed, 9% disagreed, 5% said both, while 3% said no answer. RESEARCH QUESTION 3 TABLE 4.2 Is super sport channel a negative influence on the student and E.P.L. followership? Option No of response Response in % Agreed 60 55% Disagreed 40 37% Both 9 8% No answer - - Total 109 100% From the above response 55% agreed that super sport is a negative influence, which 37% disagreed and 8% said super sport is both. RESEARCH QUESTION 4 Does E.P.L. add value to the student? Table 4.3 Option No of respondent Percentage Agreed 60 55% Disagreed 30 28% Both 10 9% No answer 9 8% Total 109 100% Table 4.3 shows that 55% agreed, that E.P.L. adds value to the students, while 28% disagreed, 9% said both while 8% said no idea. QUESTION 5 Can watching super sport solve a problem to a student? Table 4.4 Option No of respondent Percentage Agreed 5 4% Disagreed 90 83% Both 2 2% No ideal 12 11% Total 109 100% QUESTION 6 Can E.P.L. cause inter-groups conflicts Option No of respondent Percentage Agreed 85 78% Disagreed 10 9% Both 5 5% No ideal 9 8% Total 109 100% 1. Table 4.5 shows that 75% agreed that E.P.L. can cause of inter-groups conflicts while 9% disagreed, 5% said both while 8% said no idea. QUESTION 7 Is the nature of ethnicity that football support and fanaticism has developed in Nigeria Option No of respondent Percentage Agreed 30 28% Disagreed 70 64% Both 9 8% No idea - - Total 109 100% From the above table 4.6 28% Agreed, when 64% disagreed 8% said both. QUESTION 8 Have there been inter-group conflicts as a result of football supports Table 4.7 Option No of respondent Percentage Agreed 70 64% Disagreed 39 36% Both - - No idea - - Total 109 100% Table 4.7 shows that 64% agreed while 36% disagreed with the motion. QUESTION 9 Can the use of E.P.L. bring about employment in the society Table 4.8 Option No of respondent Percentage Agreed 60 55% Disagreed 40 37% Both 9 8% No idea - - Total 109 100% 4.4 TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS In the section the hypothesis earlier formulated in chapter one will be tested. Each test enables the research to make inf about the unknown population. HYPOTHESIS ONE H0: Improper usage of super sport E.P.L. viewing center by the student H1: Proper usage of super sport E.P.L. viewing center by the student CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 findings, Conclusions and Recommendation The findings above demonstrate some indications that another kind of ethnicity is forming on the bases of football support/fanaticism. If the observations of Adam (1971), that ethnic identifications occur as a result of group mobilization in the struggle to gain or preserve benefits, and of Weber (1968), that ethnic group is a kind of subjective belief of presumed identity which is an expressed psychological feeling essential to motivate groups to act together over a long time, then a trend may be emerging in Nigeria as confirmed by this research. Fan club identity in Nigeria has grown in the two qualities of ethnicity as identified above. Where in multi-ethnic community, people begin to identify themselves beyond language, ancestral culture and religion, and even political geography, the nature of this ethnicity therefore may be described as having an integrative force for propagating an all inclusive action. Although informally and unconsciously established, the interest and bounding force for bringing diverse people together in lasting friendship and maintenance of their new identity is identifiable. Football support and fanaticism have developed an observable group psycho-emotional feeling among members of a fan club over a long period. This expressed feeling has led to group actions and violence; its ability to propel individuals into conflict is high. Although violence is growing as a result of football support, it is yet not at an alarming rate. The causes of these conflict arguments, rough talks, mockery, and negative statements are also fueled by intolerance and impatience. Overzealous fans sometimes do not leave any considerations for other fan clubs when expressing their support and love for their own club side and will make it impossible for other people to have their respite, sometimes triggering others to challenge. The result of this is conflict and heightened tension at the viewing centre. Among the big four clubs of the British Premiership league, all have shown indications of inter-group conflict and prejudices as well as dislike. They seem to have carried it, above just leisure; pleasure and entertainment, to a level that resembles ethnic suspicions, and even. The consolation for this development is that it has been bringing people of diverse ethnic groups in Nigeria together. In conclusion, it would be seen that football support has the ability to one integrate multiple ethnic groups, showing a great potential for peace-building and conflict transformation. The violent, conflict-promoting tendencies show an early warning sign for all peace-builders. Although conflict and violence cannot be avoided because of their ability to stir emotions and human desire for winning, football support will bring about the desired integration and unity that Nigeria desires. To gain in full the benefits of football supports and followership, however, some kind of peace education is sorely needed, education which teaches tolerance, mutual consideration, self control, speech control, human rights, and social orders, strengthening equality and justice among sportsmen/women and viewers and supporters of football and other games alike. This kind of education will remind fans that it is all games and skill, and to accept and endure defeat. In the same vein, winners most be taught how to show friendship to fans of losing teams, in the spirit of win-win. 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