packaging

PACKAGING PACKAGING AS A COMPETITIVE TOOL IN THE MARKETING OF CONSUMER GOODS IN NIGERIA (CASE STUDY OF ABAKALIKI RICE MILL PLC, IKWO, EBONYI STATE) CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Many physical products of various industries are offered to the market in packs by various sizes, color, and designs like the brand name and brand mark. A pack also adds value to the product. A pack is not just regarded as a handy container for products but also contributes to the personality as well as influence the capability of the product. Think of what coca – cola products will look like if they are served in calabash. The product will cease to have the attraction and glamour associated with it. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY In the world marketing, packaging of product is very vital of no doubt. It plays a significant role in effective marketing of products, especially in consumer goods. In definite terms, Busch and Houston (1985), packaging is defined as the container or wrapper for a product item. Packaging is defined as the general group of activities in product planning that involves designing and producing the container and wrapper for a product (Stanton, 1981). BACKGROUND HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY The rice mill cluster in Abakaliki is the biggest in Ebonyi. There are about 584 milling machines of various capacities and 11 destoning machines, and the name of the rice is Ebony Gold. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM As a result of the depress economy of Nigeria, firm has been imposed with several problem which affect the sales of the product and in order to skill remain the competition field, they have to adopt all aspect of marketing mix which acts as survival strategies and packaging is one of the most important factor of this strategies. These problems are; 1. How appropriate a packaging strategy would be the aspect of minimizing damages along channel distribution. 2. How to effectively use packaging as a tool to increase sales income. 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Realizing the role plays in the profitability of any consumer goods industry the benefit of these companies in the economy and socio – cultural context of our economy as a competition tool. The marketing of consumer goods. 1. To find out whether this firm has been able to minimize product damage on distribution channel through the use of appropriate package 2. Based on the findings, to pin – point a well articulated technological techniques and format that will serve the mutual interests of the manufacturing firm, middlemen and the final consumers to an appropriate extent. 3. To find out whether these firms consider packaging as a major determinant of its goods. 4. To find put whether packaging plays a significant role in same volume and profitability. RESEARCH QUESTIONS To guide the investigation of this study, the following questions are raised. 1. Is there any relationship between packaging, the volume and profitability 2. Does packaging solve the mutual interest of both producers and consumer? 3. Is there any relationship between packaging, sales product identification? 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Competition in many field of consumer goods has become fierce of cosmetic market in spite of the general lack of marketing orientation in the marketing of most of the consumer goods. Companies in this market are devoting all their time to endow their particular brand with distributive personalities. The personality of a particular message is very high in promotional activities. This problems will continue unless problems are enclosed in strong and well designed package, labeling and brand names. The research will modern product packaging for students who offer marketing as their discipline in the school of business studies and the manufacturing industries and consumers in general. Through this research work, I and my fellow researcher will gain that protecting a product (packaging) will be of great importance because it protects the products content from being managed and from damaging other product. For instance, kerosene needs a sound container to protect it from wastage. Another gain is promotion, in the sense that when a product is properly packaged it draws the attention of the customer to buy the product. This is why we say that packaging is a silent sales man. 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the study begins with the search for published data, journal, libraries and company sales and promotional records. In addition, the topic under review or problem. The case of abakaliki rice mill which is poised to enhancing its position economical recent development of the company identification of those involved in the related problems. AREA OF COVERAGES This framework was carried out in Ikwo metropolis using abakaliki rice mill plc, Ebonyi which is locatekd near old ogoja road Ebonyi as a case study. 1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY There is no research without impediment either internal or external. This research work is not exceptional. The constraints of the research are; 1. Financial resources: the research may be able to accomplish the numerous activities necessary for a thorough research work. 2. Time: this work would have been better than what it is if enough time was given to travel to different parts of the state and companies for collection of data. 3. Transportation: due to high cost of transportation fare caused by bad roads, it was not possible to travel to different parts of the state in collection of data. 4. The research and development were not available to render the required assistance thereby making it inaccessible to small vital documents which could provide the required information. 5. Lack of relevant books in the school library and records relating to the topic. 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS For clarity of purpose, the following terms are defined 1. INDUSTRY; This is a group of people whose activities are directed towards the production of a particular thing or in providing a particular service. 2. PACKAGING; this is an activity associated with designing and producing container and wrapper for a given product. 3. MARKETING; this is human activity directed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange processes 4. STRATEGY; this is the materials and methods which are used to achieve a particular purpose 5. TECHNOLOGY; a particular way of doing something especially one in which you have to apply special skills. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION Literature review is a completion of a research been done on a particular topic. The purpose of literature review is to present a summary of what is known identifying strength and weakness of the current published work. It is also a systematic appraisal of all existing work or literature that is relevant to the research. Baridam (ibid) postulated that it is not enough to review related literature without presenting the studies by topic and determining how each of these topics are related to the researchers own study. A systematic presentation of the literature forms that foundation of the study. Thus, this chapter covers that following areas. i. Planning and packaging ii. Functions of packaging iii. Strategic importance of packaging iv. Good package design v. Packaging and its effect on distribution of consumer goods. vi. Changing role of packaging vii. Major packaging considerations viii. The place of packaging in marketing 2.2 PLANNING AND PACKAGING In the case of having something which must have the quality to serve all the important needs, the role of packaging in an organization must first be planned for the yield of a better result. According to Bane and Kurtz (1987: 150) planning is the management function of anticipating the future and determining the best cause of action to achieve the company’s objective. Most marketers would want their packages to exist enough to attract the attention of the consumers without appearing outlandish. This also proves that packaging does not only protect its contents, but also it promotes the company images. 2.3 FUNCTIONS OF PACKAGING There are two main reasons or functions for producing the packaging for product meant for sales. They include; A. PROTECTIVE FUNCTION; the traditional function of packaging is to protect the item to enclose it during the storage, deliver, usage and in fact during the entire lifetime of the products. Some product by their nature requires special container to avoid its damage(s) of other products when kept closer. B. PROMOTIONAL FUNCTION; the contemporary use of packaging is for promotional action so that more sales can be made. Packaging is often said to be silent salesman. This goes further to underscore the promotional implications. Packaging, as a promotional medium, packaging can be used to identify a product, differentiate it from others and connote the essential high quality contents of the product. 2.4 STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF PACKAGING According to McCarthy (1978: 260) marketing strategic planning tries to match the target market needs and preferences to the marketing mix offered a packaging is definitely a part of the mix. In some cases, the minor promotional change in packaging design, adds a more appealing illustration which may double sales, while another seeming minor change might cut a brand share of the market in half. Clearly, packaging materials, size and design should be examined with a final market in mind. 2.5 GOOD PACKAGING DESIGN According to McCarthy (1978: 264) there are easy rules of thumb for the marketer making packaging decision. The right package depends on such factors as; a. Susceptibility of the product damage b. Its hazards to which product normally will be exposed in commercial packaging. It is too costly to protect against every possible hazards c. The length of time the product must remain in the package and still be in satisfactory condition d. The promotional role of the packaging McCarthy (1978: 264) states some of the function of a package design must consider to the help of marketing research and they are as follows; - Packaging in the house - Package in the store - Package and other design in promotion consideration Hence, it is obvious that marketing research would be indicated before making major packaging decision 2.6 PACKAGING AND ITS EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMER GOODS According to Stanton (1999: 221), packaging was production oriental activity to obtain the benefit of protection of convenience. Today, however, the marketing significance of packaging is fully recognized and packaging struggles from markets. Berman (1990: 330) emphasized the importance of packaging in the distribution channel because in most cases, it is what sells the product to the product to the final consumers and it is important for the external looks of a finished good or product. 2.7 CHANGING ROLE OF PACKAGING Kotler (1984: 490) advanced four factors he believed accounts in large parts for the changing pace of packaging and the marketing mix. These are growth and consumers, he increase in self service retailing of integrated, marketing, and tie greater opportunities emerged because of packaging innovation, with respect to the Nigeria situation. 2.8 MAJOR PACKAGING CONSIDERATIONS Marketers must consider many factors as they develop packages. Obviously, one major consideration is cost, although a variety of packaging materials, processes and designs are available, some are rather expensive. Pride and Ferrell (1985: 163) In recent years, buyers have shown the willingness to pay more for improved packaging but there are limits. Marketers should try to determine through research just how much customers are willing to pay for packages. Marketers must also decide whether to package the products single or in multiple units. Multiple packaging is likely to increase demand because it increases the amount of the product available at the point of consumption. However, multiple packaging is not appropriate for infrequent used product since buyer do not like to tie up their money or store this product for a long time. 2.9 THE PLACE OF PACKAGING IN MARKETING Packaging is a component of promotion mix which in turn is component of marketing mix. The combination of decision to design appropriate strategy available embrance packaging, packaging occupies a relatively high place in the order of preference in the decision of marketing. But the absolute relative emphasis given to packaging by manufacturing firm is at mediocre level which calls for a critical analysis and appraisal of the role of packaging in the overall marketing activities. CHAPTER THREE 3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION This research is any organized systematic enquiry that aims at providing information from solving an identified problem. It is used for the purpose of obtaining data to enable the researcher test hypothesis and also answer some research questions. 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN Research design refers to plan structure and strategy of investigation conceived by the research so as to obtain answers to research questions. It could be seen as a complete framework that gives a guide in collection and analyzing the data for a study. In order to make the findings for this study explicit the survey method was employed. The process of the survey method according to Anyanwu (2001: 40) is defined as the investigation of the behaviour opinion or other manifestation of a group of people by questioning them. The instruments used were the structured questionnaires which were often used in the case of primary collection. This comprises of open ended questions and close ended questions, the open ended questions give room for respondents to answer in their own words where as the closed ended questions pre-specify all the possible answers in which the respondents make choice among the alternatives. SOURCE/METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION The use of primary and secondary sources of data collection were instituted PRIMARY DATA This is as a result of the exploration nature of this research, the main method of primary research in the study was through oral interview and administering of questionnaires to various relevant sections of abakiliki Rice mill plc. This timed obtaining first hand information regarding to the subject topic. Primary sources of information enhanced the collection of data through the useof observations, survey, experiment and focus group. SECONDARY DATA In order to support the findings, the researcher also generated secondary data/information. This was generated from diverse textbooks, publication and unpublished information, internal records of abakaliki Rice mill plc, journals, Afikpo today’s new paoer etc. The questionnaires were designed on the research questions. The questions were made up of dichotomous multiple choice and open ended questions, they are structured to obtain responses from the respondents. Te respondents are expected to choose the relevant and appropriate answers from the options given and also make suggestions. 3.3 POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE Population is the aggregate or totality of the unit in the universe of the study. SAMPLE SIZE The sample of the research work is the population of the consumer goods in Ebonyi and staffs and management of Abakaliki rice mill plc Table: Research population and sample size S/No sample farm population sample size 1 marketing dept 20 3 2 40 40 20 Total 60 50 The sample size of 15.6% of the population or O5 respondents were used and since it was not easy to distribute questionnaires to all the customers and staffs, the chosen percentages is believed to be a true representation of the research population, the table above revealed the population and sample size 3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE The data collected from the various sources where analyzed using percentages method and table percentage were used to ascertain the number of respondent that are in agreement. The technique in analyzing the data collected include; charts average and percentage for the purpose of this work, the researcher uses tabulation and percentage analyze the data. 3.5 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 3.6 Since studying the packaging consumer goods in Abakaliki rice mill plc lead to packaging of consumer goods. This research covered the areas of packaging as a competitive tool in the marketing of consumer goods in ………… which is located along factory road 3.7 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is the procedure taken in collecting and organizing of data. The research question are formulated arid presented on a tabular presentation and the percentage of respondent and the respondent answers the percentages are imperatively the result of data collected. 3.8 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 3.9 The study focused on packaging in the marketing of consumer goods in Nigeria. Base on the analysis of the questionnaire, it was found out that the firm under study used packaging as a competitive tool as indicated in their volume of sales. Therefore, consideration of packaging design is overly essential as a competitive tool in the marketing of products, since it plays a significant role in sale volume. Packaging has an impact on the marketing of consumer goods and is considered as a determinant factor for product identification. 3.10 CONCLUSION The researcher made up the following conclusion based on the analysis; a. That good packaging helps to increase sale volume and profitability b. That packaging (shape, size and color) assist in the identification of product c. The firms have special strategies of packaging their products and the materials used are as a result of the nature of the product. REFERENCE Anyanwu A. (1993) : Dimension of marketing, okigwe Aran global publication Anyanwu (2000) : Principle of research, Umuahia versatile publisher Barker (1991) : marketing, an introductory text, U.S.A MacMwan industry. Nigeria business concord newspaper Kotler P (1993) : principle of marketing, London cent publishing company Onuoha K(2005) : marketing ideas and dynamics, owerri versatile publishers Stanton (1991) : marketing, new York MacMillan publishing company.

DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the trinity (God the father, Son, and Holy Spirit), who saw me through during my industrial training and provided for me spiritually, mentally, financially, economically and otherwise. Also to my lovely parents who are trying their best to ensure success in my academics pursuit through giving both moral and financial support. ACKNOWLDGEMENT My sincere gratitude goes to the Almighty God who showered his love, goodness, guidance, strength and mercy unto me throughout my industrial training. Also to my lovely parents. My gratitude also goes to all the lecturers of the department of Agric. Engineering technology whose contribution in one way or the order helped to ensure success of the training. I also appreciate all my fellow students of Agric. Engineering technology whose encouragement and advice helped me in achieving a huge success in my four months industrial training scheme. Finally I want to appreciate all whose names may not be mentioned here due to lack of space. I pray that the almighty God who knows how to bless his people will release his immeasurable blessings upon you all in Jesus name Amen. ABSTRACT My desire to write this report was born from my experience during my Industrial training program for a period of four months in aquaculture management at TOMABS fish farm. Coupled with exposure in consultancy, field trip programs, Fish smoking, processing and preservation which I was fully involved with. I was also exposed to other areas of fisheries technology which involves building of smoking kiln or oven using red mud soil which makes the work faster and reduce the cost of material used in the process. Also the most important of the exposure is on how to produce fish fingerlings which I have seen, practiced and known. TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………….I DEDICATION…………………………………………………………II ACKNOWLEDEMENT…………………………………………….III PREFACE………………………………………………………………..IV SIWES-MEANING, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES……………1 CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………4 Introduction to the farm and staffs of the integrated school fish farm……………………………………………………..4 CHAPTER TWO…………………………………………………………7 Pond management………………………………………………….7 CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………….13 Selection of Bloodstocks……………………………………….13 CHAPTER FOUR……………………………………………………..17 Stocking And Sorting of fish…………………………………17 CHAPTER FIVE……………………………………………………..18 Feed formulation and feed pelleting…………………...18 Recommendation………………………………………………….25 Conclusion………………………………………………………….…27 INTODUCTION TO STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERINCE (SIWE) SIWES- MEANING, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES SIWES means students industrial work experience scheme. This is a training programme designed to expose and prepare students of higher institution of learning for industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation. It is a planned training programme which calls for the dedication to duty, positive work attitude, honesty and self-confidence on the part of the students who are adjudged the major beneficiaries of the programme. Through the scheme, the students are afforded the opportunity of familiarizing and exposing themselves to the needed experience in handling equipment and machinery that are usually not available in their institution. SIWE is a four month industrial training programme with the sole aim of placing students in one industry or other where they are exposed and gain more knowledge/experience about their field of study/Endeavour The objectives are 1. Provide students with necessary skills needed in their course of study. 2. Provide students enabling environment for practicalizing on the courses. 3. Provide students with working experience which will beneficial to them after graduation. 4. Get students acquainted with handling of various equipment and machinery in the industries. BENEFITS DERIVED FROM SIWES TRAINING PROGRAMME The experiences, knowledge, skills and exposures I acquired during the four months industrial training exercise cannot be over-emphasized. I was exposed to certain areas in my course of study. These are: 1. Fish breeding 2. Culturing of frys, fingerlings, juveniles to table-sized fish 3. Feed formulation 4. Fish feed pelleting 5. Techniques in fish feeding 6. Pond management 7. Fish smoking and preservation CHAPTER ONE BRIEF OF WORK DONE AND KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED INTRODUCTION TO THE FARM AND STAFF OF THE TOMABS FISH FARM The TOMABS fish farm establishment built by an individual. It is established with the sole aim of providing a farm produces to Nigerians. The farm is divided into various sections/segments. These are: 1. Production pond 2. Hatchery 3. Feed mill 4. Processing section 5. vegetable farm and 6. Plantation. PRODUCTION POND: This pond is used for culturing fishes at their tender stages like frys and fingerlings. Hatchery: It is known as hatchery tank or pit where fertilized eggs are left to hatch into larval or fry stage. Feed mill: This is a place for formulating and producing fish feed using locally available ingredients. PROCESSSING SECTION: This is a section of the farm where fishes are processed either by smoking or through other methods of fish preservation. VEGETABLE FARM: this is a place where vegetables are grown which are beneficial to the fishes. PLANTATION: This is a large expanse of land where other agricultural crops are grown which are used during fish feed formulation. THE WORKERS IN THE FARM The farm is made up of five professionally trained staff, twenty six students/ trainees and four security agents who are watching day and night in farm to ensure adequate security of lives and properties. THE PROFESSIONAL STAFF OT THE FARM ARE: Mr. C.A Ekeocha – Head of Department Mr. Ojukannaiye Adewale .S. Supervisor and course advisor Mr. Anthony Opara Supervisor and Course Manager Mrs. Mmadubuko and Mrs. Caroline. CHAPTER TWO POND MANAGEMENT Fish farm is the site where different types of pond are constructed for rearing various stages of the selected species of fish on scientific lines. Pond is seen as a very small, very shallow body of quiet standing water where fishes are reared and aquatic plants are higher in population. There are six types of pond in acquaculture. These are Hatching pits, Nursery ponds, Rearing pond, Stocking pond, Spawning ponds and marketing ponds. Hatchery pit: Is used for incubating fertilized eggs for hatching. Nursery pond: Is used for raising/ rearing tender hatchling or spawn. Rearing ponds: This pond is used for culturing fry to fingerling stage. Stocking pond: This pond is used for rearing fingerlings to table sized fish. SELECTION OF SITE FOR FISH FARM While selecting sites for fish farm certain factors should be considered. 1. Meteorological and hydrographical information: It involves adequate knowledge of the mean monthly temperature, rainfall, evaporation, sunshine, speed and direction of winds, floods and water table of the area. 2. Nature of vegetation: Grassy land or low shrubbed land are more suited than land with dense vegetation (tall trees) which makes clearing more difficult and expensive. 3. The existing and future sources of pollution: Ensuring that there will be no adverse effects of pollutants (air water or soil) on the fish to be cultured and the other biota. 4. Soil characteristics: While selecting the site for aqua farms appropriate soil investigation is essential. this is to ensure that the soil is suitable for aquaculture because it not only influences the productivity and quality of overlaying water but also the construction of dikes. There are three types of soil which are pervious, impervious and peaty soil. Impervious soil is suitable for fish culture because it has good water retaining capacity. 5. Topography: It described the shape of the land/site whether flat or hilly, upland or lowland. This determines the shape and kind of pond to be constructed. 6. Water supply: This is the most important consideration in selecting site for fish farm. This is because fish depends entirely on water for life. Adequate source of water is essential such as spring, stream, river, lake, well, bore-holes for homestead. 7. Accessibility: Fish farm should not be sited in a place far away from market. That is a place near and locatable thereby reducing cost of transportation/ running cost. Practically, there are three types of ponds in aquaculture. They are a. Barrage b. Contour c. Paddy Barrage pond: these are made by building a wall or dam across a small stream, spring or rainfall through a valley. Contour pond: They are sited along river courses, each with either dependent or independent water supply. Paddy pond: This is made in places where ground is flat or saucer in shape, usually in swamps and flood plains. This type of pond is used for both growing rice and rearing fish but it should not be herbivorous species. METHODS OF SURVEYING FISH POND SITE There are two main methods i. Visual survey ii. Detailed survey Visual survey: This means ordinary visit to the site and inspecting it by walking round. Detailed survey: It comprises of land survey and soil/ water exploration. It involves the use of survey instrument for accuracy such as land chain, prismatic compass, abney level, ranging poles etc. CHAPTER THREE SELECTION OF BROODSTOCKS This entails selecting of fish which are ready for spawning or breeding. The fishes selected have a different characteristic which shows that they are for spawning. A. Female characteristics 1. It shows well-rounded and soft abdomen, the fullness of which extends posterity past the pelvic to the genital openings 2. The genital opening is swollen protruding and reddish or rosy in color anus or vent may also be swollen and reddish, in some fishes, the abdomen is reddish 3. Gentle press on the abdomen releases some eggs. B. male characteristics 1. The male releases a few drops of thick milt when its abdomen is press gently 2. In some males fishes (Chinese carps ) the dorsal surface of the pectoral fin becomes rough when ripe 3. Highly vascularized urinogenital papilla in clarias and heterobranchus species which indicates ripped tastes. Brood stock fishes are normally injected with pituitary gland or ovaprim hormone to hasten the maturity of the eggs. Ova prim injection This is a hormone that is being injected to a female fish for quick maturation of egg pituitary gland can be used in absence of ovaprim. HOW TO INJECT FISH Using ovaprim injection takes 0.5mkg and injects the fish by removing the air bubbles. WHERE TO INJECT FISH Inject under the pectoral fin and massage after the injection to avoid the hormone from coming out. Using pituitary gland The pituitary gland was extracted and grinded in a small mortar and saline water added depending on the weight of a fish Example If the weight of the fish is 1kg then use 0.5ml/kg of mixed pituitary gland. But if the fish weighs 2kg the mixed pituitary gland will be 0.5ml x 2 FOR BREEDING The hormone which was injected in a female fish has to stay for 12 hours before stripping takes place. Example, if the fish was injected by 8pm, the striping will start by 8am FOR THE FEMALE FISH One person holds the head of the fish with handkerchief to cover the eyes up and the other holds the tail down. The third person holds the bowl (dry bowl) and strips the eggs into it until the blood starts to come out then it is stopped. FOR THE MALE FISH With the help of the handkerchief to cover the eyes and hold the head, another person will hold the tail. The third person will use razor blade to open the stomach and bring out the milt. The razor blade will then be used to open the milt sac and it is poured on the eggs and stirred very well with feather or strong rubber spoon. It is then transferred to the hatchery tank for hatching. CHAPTER FOUR BREEDING Breeding is of two types: natural and artificial breeding. Before going for the selection of mature bloodstock, Natural breeding: as the name implies, this type of breeding usually occur in the wild or in the pond (for tilapia). Artificial Breeding: This method is also known as induced breeding, whereby a chemical hormone is injected into the female broodstock to quicken the ripening of eggs. This is normally done in a hatchery. Types of hormone - Ovaprim - Ovatide - Human chronic gonadotropin(hcgfish pituitary gland CHAPTER FIVE STOCKING AND SORTING OF FISH Stocking means releasing fishes into the pond especially those at their tender stage (fingerlings). Ponds are usually stocked with small-sized fishes weighing a few grams each called fingerlings. Fishes are stocked according to pond area and the possibility of feeding and fertilization. Stocking is of two types: Stocking rate and stocking density STOCKING RATE: This is the number of fishes (fingerlings) that can be stocked per hectare of pond. STOCKING DENSITY: This is the weight of fishes that can be stocked per hectare of pond. Sorting means separating fishes according to their sizes and weight in order to re-stock them evenly. Sorting helps to promote the growth of fish by providing enabling environment for their feeding. CHAPTER SIX FEED FORMULATION Feed formulation is the process of producing feeds used for feeding aquatic animals (fish). The composition of feeds varies significantly among the plant and animal groups. The nutrient contents may also vary according to the maturity and processing of feed material and also in relation to their protein, fibre and ash content. Protein is the most expensive ingredient of an animal diet and, therefore, it is computed first in the diet formulation. METHODS OF FORMULATING RATION a. Pearson method b. Algebraic equation method c. Trial and error method Pearson method Energy = 10/35 * 100/1 = 28.57% Protein = 25/35 * 100/1 = 71.43% Checking Energy = 28.57/1 * 10/100 = 2.85% GNC = 71.43 *45/100 = 32.143 35.000 Assume ingredient=35cp Fishmeal = fm=60 Groundnut cake=GNC=40 Maize= 10 (1/2 of 60)+ (1/2 x 40/1) 30 + 20= 50 Cost of maize=15/40x100/1=37.50 Cost of protein mix= 25/40 x 100/1= 62.50 Cost of fish meal from 62.50 to 1/2x62.50= 31.25 GNS= 1/2x62.50=31.25 Checking maize=37.50x0.10=3.75 GNC=31.25x0.40=12.50 FM=31.25x0.60=18.75 Total=35.00 FEED PELLETING Feed pelleting means preparing fsh feed using various ingredients with the help of pelleting machine. It is done either small scale or large scale. Equipments required when pelleting feed. 1. Grinder 2. Siever 3. Mixer and 4. Pelleting machine or their percentage crude protein Fish meal 65% Soya beans 40% GNC 45% MAIZE 9-10% Other condements Wheat 13% Rice bran 9-10% Indomie 10% Brewing waste 10% Spent grain 15 % PROCESSES INVOLVED IN FEED PELLETING 1. Grindng: coarse ingredient are ground in a hammer mill or grinder which reduces their particle size, improves feed digestibility, acceptability, mixing properties and pelletability. 2. Sieving: The feeds are sieved using 177um meshes to remove unwanted particles. 3. Mixing: proper mixing of ingredients is done to achieve uniformity of composition in the whole feed material according to the required formula. This involves both scattering of particles and 3blending. 4. Pelleting: After thorough mixing of required quantities of ingredients, the mixture is processed in the pelletizer to make the feed into desired-size pellets’. 5. Binders: If he feed mixture is difficult to pellet or is unstable in water, it is often necessary to add a binding agent to the formulation. Starch serves as a binding agent in this regard. 6. Grinding or corrugation of pellet: The cooled pellets are either ground or made into corrugated rolls and then sieved (= sifted) into various sizes of grnulles or small fragments (crumbles). The crumbles are suitable for feeding small fish. Things to consider before making feed for fish a. If it s culturable b. Its feeding habit c. Its feeding niche d. The species of fish to be culture e.g omnivorous (catfish) herbivorous (tilapia and carp). e. Season f the year. f. Availability of feed/cost for catfish fibre should not be more than 15% since they cannot break it down. RECOMMENDATION Based on the industrial training I have undergone the experiences, skill, and challenges I encountered and the SIWES attitude towards this training scheme, I come up with the following recommendation. 1. That the necessity of this industrial training programme should be made known to the students involved so as to discourage those who usually avoid it. 2. That there must be a good interactive relationship between the industries based supervisors and the SIWES officials in order to ensure that students at their duty post are well taken care of. 3. Those external supervisors who were visiting the students in their workplace are monitored to see that they actually deliver. 4. That any student who deliberately refused to involve himself in SEWIS programme is severely punished so that others will learn. 5. Ensure that the industry based-supervisors did not maltreat students and use them as their house help. 6. Finally that provisions for paying and giving students grants in their place of industrial training should be allowed in SEWIS programme CONCLUSION SIWES provide a platform and an avenue through which every sensible student must not neglect and despise. it helps students to be industrially, academically, geographically and socially equipped. Thanks to the academic and administration management of the Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri for making it possible. I equally appreciate all the personnel’s and students in my department for the support they gave throughout the training. May God who is righteous bless you all in Jesus name Amen.

1. u HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 600 –Technology(Applied Sciences) 612-Human Physiology Therefore, The Class Mark for Human Physiology is 612. 2. RAW FOOD DIET 613- Personal Health and Safety .2- Dietetics .265-Raw Food Diet Therefore, The Class Mark for Raw Food Diet is 613.265. 3. FIRST MEAL OF THE DAY 600-Technology 641-Food and Drink .52-First Meal of the Day Therefore, The Class for the First Meal of the Day is 641.32. 4. BIOFEED BACK THERAPY 615-Pharmacology and Therapy .8-Specific Therapies, kinds of Therapy 8514-Biofeed back Therapy Therefore, The Class Mark for Biofeed back Therapy is 615.8514. 5. COGNITIVE THERAPY 616-Diseases .891425-Cognitive Therapy Therefore, The Class Mark for Cognitive Therapy is 616.891425. 6. BRIEF PSYCHOTHERAPY 616-Disease .89147-Brief Psychotherapy Therefore, The Class Mark for Brief Psychotherapy is 616.89147. 7. ANIMAL HOSPITALS 636-Animal Husbandry .083-Care, Maintenance, Training .08321-Animal Hospitals Therefore, The Class Mark for Animal Hospitals is 636.08321. 8. RADIO IDENTIFICATION AND LOCATION 621-Applied Physics .1-Steam Engineering .384192-Radio Identification and Location Therefore, The Class Mark for Radio Identification and Location is 621.384192. 9. CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES 624-Civil Engineering .2-Bridges .238-Cable-Stayed Bridges Therefore, The Class Mark for Cable-Stayed Bridges is 624.238. 10. ELECTRONIC SYSTEM IN MOTOR, LAND, VEHICLES 629-Other Branches of Engineering .252-Electronic System in Motor .29-Land Vehicles Therefore, The Class Mark for Electron System, Motor, Land, Vehicles is 629.259.