social

What Is Social Responsibility? Being Socially Responsible means that people and organisations must behave ethically and with sensitivity toward social, cultural, economic and environmental issues. Striving for social responsibility helps individuals, organisations and governments have a positive impact on development, business and society with a positive contribution to bottom-line results. Individual Social Responsibility (ISR) to achieve Corporate Social Responsibility (CSP) ISP may appear to be a new concept in relation to CSP, but it is a concept as old as The Golden Rule — Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. ISR expands on this by promoting a proactive stance towards positively influencing and affecting the people and environments outside your immediate circle. ISR is at the roots of CSR, because a corporate comprises of individuals and hence determines the social responsibility culture it creates. This is the intermingled relationship between CSR and ISR. Individuals are becoming more socially responsible and, in response to this Corporations and Companies need to become more socially responsible to meet consumer demand. The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) states: “In the wake of increasing globalisation, we have become increasingly conscious not only of what we buy, but also how the goods and services we buy have been produced. Environmentally harmful production, child labor, dangerous working environments and other inhumane conditions are examples of issues being brought into the open. All companies and organisations aiming at long-term profitability and credibility are starting to realise that they must act in accordance with norms of right and wrong.” Socially responsible individuals are demanding companies and organisations to become more socially responsible. How Does an Individual Become Socially Responsible? The Workshop for Civic Initiatives Foundation (WCIF), Bulgaria, describes ISR in its position statement on Social Responsibility as, “The individual social responsibility includes the engagement of each person towards the community where he lives, which can be expressed as an interest towards what’s happening in the community, as well as in the active participation in the solving of some of the local problems. Under community we understand the village, the small town or the residential complex in the big city, where lives every one of us. Each community lives its own life that undergoes a process of development all the time. And everyone of us could take part in that development in different ways, for example by taking part in cleaning of the street on which he lives, by taking part in organization of an event, connected with the history of the town or the village or by rendering social services to children without parents or elderly people. The individual social responsibility also could be expressed in making donations for significant for the society causes – social, cultural or ecological. There are many ways of donating, as for example donating of goods or donating money through a bank account or online” Social Responsibility can be “negative,” in that it is a responsibility to refrain from acting (resistance stance) or it can be “positive,” meaning there is a responsibility to act (proactive stance). Being socially responsible not only requires participating in socially responsible activities like recycling, volunteering and mentoring, but to actually make it a lifestyle. Only through a commitment to embrace and embed social responsibility into your personal value and belief system can you truly become socially responsible in all you do. According to The Harris Poll ®#57 , June 18, 2007[7], when it comes to individual social responsibility, there are three types of people: 1. Two-thirds of U.S. adults have “Good Intentions” – they believe that social responsibility is a good idea, and they do what they can in terms of volunteering, but they do not sacrifice huge amounts of time or money. 2. At the top end of the spectrum, 8 percent of U.S. adults “Practice What They Preach” and for this group, individual, as well as corporate, social responsibility is extremely important. 3. One-quarter of U.S. adults, however, follow a philosophy of “To Thine Own Self Be True” and, for this group, social responsibility has little consequence in their lives. On the other hand the trends show that the biggest growth for big charitable organisations in the world is coming through individuals and not through Corporations and Governments [8]. To take a proactive stance, ISR can start off as a simple act of philanthropic behaviour. My husband and I actually budget for giving, just like we do for living or car expenses. Add to this the campaigner, volunteer and activist in you that picks-up and supports issues affecting society. You may just start off volunteering once a month somewhere that suits your skills, abilities or interests. The other day, I asked a friend if he could teach my son guitar. We determined a tuition cost but instead of me paying him, he asked me if I could pay the charity of his choice. If you have the choice of two products and one product supports a good cause or was produced in a more ethical way, then purchase that product. You may only be one person but if everyone did their part, we could change the world! All Social responsibility, both individual and corporate, is voluntary; it is about going above and beyond what is called for by the law(legal responsibility). It involves an idea that it is better to be proactive toward a problem rather than reactive to a problem. Social responsibility means eliminating corrupt, irresponsible or unethical behavior that might bring harm to the community, its people, or the environment before the behavior happens. CORPORATE/BUSINESS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be defined as the "economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time" (Carroll and Buchholtz 2003, p. 36). The concept of corporate social responsibility means that organizations have moral, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities in addition to their responsibilities to earn a fair return for investors and comply with the law. A traditional view of the corporation suggests that its primary, if not sole, responsibility is to its owners, or stockholders. However, CSR requires organizations to adopt a broader view of its responsibilities that includes not only stockholders, but many other constituencies as well, including employees, suppliers, customers, the local community, local, state, and federal governments, environmental groups, and other special interest groups. Collectively, the various groups affected by the actions of an organization are called "stakeholders." The stakeholder concept is discussed more fully in a later section. Corporate social responsibility is related to, but not identical with, business ethics. While CSR encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilities of organizations, business ethics usually focuses on the moral judgments and behavior of individuals and groups within organizations. Thus, the study of business ethics may be regarded as a component of the larger study of corporate social responsibility. Carroll and Buchholtz's four-part definition of CSR makes explicit the multi-faceted nature of social responsibility. The economic responsibilities cited in the definition refer to society's expectation that organizations will produce good and services that are needed and desired by customers and sell those goods and services at a reasonable price. Organizations are expected to be efficient, profitable, and to keep shareholder interests in mind. The legal responsibilities relate to the expectation that organizations will comply with the laws set down by society to govern competition in the marketplace. Organizations have thousands of legal responsibilities governing almost every aspect of their operations, including consumer and product laws, environmental laws, and employment laws. The ethical responsibilities concern societal expectations that go beyond the law, such as the expectation that organizations will conduct their affairs in a fair and just way. This means that organizations are expected to do more than just comply with the law, but also make proactive efforts to anticipate and meet the norms of society even if those norms are not formally enacted in law. Finally, the discretionary responsibilities of corporations refer to society's expectation that organizations be good citizens. This may involve such things as philanthropic support of programs benefiting a community or the nation. It may also involve donating employee expertise and time to worthy causes. HISTORY The nature and scope of corporate social responsibility has changed over time. The concept of CSR is a relatively new one—the phrase has only been in wide use since the 1960s. But, while the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations placed on organizations may differ, it is probably accurate to say that all societies at all points in time have had some degree of expectation that organizations would act responsibly, by some definition. In the eighteenth century the great economist and philosopher Adam Smith expressed the traditional or classical economic model of business. In essence, this model suggested that the needs and desires of society could best be met by the unfettered interaction of individuals and organizations in the marketplace. By acting in a self-interested manner, individuals would produce and deliver the goods and services that would earn them a profit, but also meet the needs of others. The viewpoint expressed by Adam Smith over 200 years ago still forms the basis for free-market economies in the twenty-first century. However, even Smith recognized that the free market did not always perform perfectly and he stated that marketplace participants must act honestly and justly toward each other if the ideals of the free market are to be achieved. In the century after Adam Smith, the Industrial Revolution contributed to radical change, especially in Europe and the United States. Many of the principles espoused by Smith were borne out as the introduction of new technologies allowed for more efficient production of goods and services. Millions of people obtained jobs that paid more than they had ever made before and the standard of living greatly improved. Large organizations developed and acquired great power, and their founders and owners became some of the richest and most powerful men in the world. In the late nineteenth century many of these individuals believed in and practiced a philosophy that came to be called "Social Darwinism," which, in simple form, is the idea that the principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest are applicable to business and social policy. This type of philosophy justified cutthroat, even brutal, competitive strategies and did not allow for much concern about the impact of the successful corporation on employees, the community, or the larger society. Thus, although many of the great tycoons of the late nineteenth century were among the greatest philanthropists of all time, their giving was done as individuals, not as representatives of their companies. Indeed, at the same time that many of them were giving away millions of dollars of their own money, the companies that made them rich were practicing business methods that, by today's standards at least, were exploitative of workers. Around the beginning of the twentieth century a backlash against the large corporations began to gain momentum. Big business was criticized as being too powerful and for practicing antisocial and anticompetitive practices. Laws and regulations, such as the Sherman Antitrust Act, were enacted to rein in the large corporations and to protect employees, consumers, and society at large. An associated movement, sometimes called the "social gospel," advocated greater attention to the working class and the poor. The labor movement also called for greater social responsiveness on the part of business. Between 1900 and 1960 the business world gradually began to accept additional responsibilities other than making a profit and obeying the law. In the 1960s and 1970s the civil rights movement, consumerism, and environmentalism affected society's expectations of business. Based on the general idea that those with great power have great responsibility, many called for the business world to be more proactive in (1) ceasing to cause societal problems and (2) starting to participate in solving societal problems. Many legal mandates were placed on business related to equal employment opportunity, product safety, worker safety, and the environment. Furthermore, society began to expect business to voluntarily participate in solving societal problems whether they had caused the problems or not. This was based on the view that corporations should go beyond their economic and legal responsibilities and accept responsibilities related to the betterment of society. This view of corporate social responsibility is the prevailing view in much of the world today. The sections that follow provide additional details related to the corporate social responsibility construct. First, arguments for and against the CSR concept are reviewed. Then, the stakeholder concept, which is central to the CSR construct, is discussed. Finally, several of the major social issues with which organizations must deal are reviewed. ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY The major arguments for and against corporate social responsibility are shown in Exhibit 1. The "economic" argument against CSR is perhaps most closely associated with the American economist Milton Friedman, who has argued that the primary responsibility of business is to make a profit for its owners, albeit while complying with the law. According to this view, the self-interested actions of millions of participants in free markets will, from a utilitarian perspective, lead to positive outcomes for society. If the operation of the free market cannot solve a social problem, it becomes the responsibility of government, not business, to address the issue. FOR AGAINST The rise of the modern corporation created and continues to create many social problems. Therefore, the corporate world should assume responsibility for addressing these problems. Taking on social and moral issues is not economically feasible. Corporations should focus on earning a profit for their shareholders and leave social issues to others. In the long run, it is in corporations' best interest to assume social responsibilities. It will increase the chances that they will have a future and reduce the chances of increased governmental regulation. Assuming social responsibilities places those corporations doing so at a competitive disadvantage relative to those who do not. Large corporations have huge reserves of human and financial capital. They should devote at least some of their resources to addressing social issues. Those who are most capable should address social issues. Those in the corporate world are not equipped to deal with social problems. The "competitive" argument recognizes the fact that addressing social issues comes at a cost to business. To the extent that businesses internalize the costs of socially responsible actions, they hurt their competitive position relative to other businesses. This argument is particularly relevant in a globally competitive environment if businesses in one country expend assets to address social issues, but those in another country do not. According to Carroll and Buchholtz, since CSR is increasingly becoming a global concern, the differences in societal expectations around the world can be expected to lessen in the coming years. Finally, some argue that those in business are ill-equipped to address social problems. This "capability" argument suggests that business executives and managers are typically well trained in the ways of finance, marketing, and operations management, but not well versed in dealing with complex societal problems. Thus, they do not have the knowledge or skills needed to deal with social issues. This view suggests that corporate involvement in social issues may actually make the situation worse. Part of the capability argument also suggests that corporations can best serve societal interests by sticking to what they do best, which is providing quality goods and services and selling them at an affordable price to people who desire them. There are several arguments in favor of corporate social responsibility. One view, held by critics of the corporate world, is that since large corporations create many social problems, they should attempt to address and solve them. Those holding this view criticize the production, marketing, accounting, and environmental practices of corporations. They suggest that corporations can do a better job of producing quality, safe products, and in conducting their operations in an open and honest manner. A very different argument in favor of corporate social responsibility is the "self-interest" argument. This is a long-term perspective that suggests corporations should conduct themselves in such a way in the present as to assure themselves of a favorable operating environment in the future. This view holds that companies must look beyond the short-term, bottom-line perspective and realize that investments in society today will reap them benefits in the future. Furthermore, it may be in the corporate world's best interests to engage in socially responsive activities because, by doing so, the corporate world may forestall governmental intervention in the form of new legislation and regulation, according to Carroll and Buchholtz. Finally, some suggest that businesses should assume social responsibilities because they are among the few private entities that have the resources to do so. The corporate world has some of the brightest minds in the world, and it possesses tremendous financial resources. (Wal-Mart, for example, has annual revenues that exceed the annual GNP of some countries.) Thus, businesses should utilize some of their human and financial capital in order to "make the world a better place." THE STAKEHOLDER CONCEPT According to Post, Lawrence, and Weber, stakeholders are individuals and groups that are affected by an organization's policies, procedures, and actions. A "stake" implies that one has an interest or share in the organization and its operations, per Carroll and Buchholtz. Some stakeholders, such as employees and owners, may have specific legal rights and expectations in regard to the organization's operations. Other stakeholders may not have specific rights granted by law, but may perceive that they have moral rights related to the organization's operations. For example, an environmental group may not have a legal right in regard to a company's use of natural resources, but may believe that they have a moral right to question the firm's environmental policies and to lobby the organization to develop environmentally friendly policies. All companies, especially large corporations, have multiple stakeholders. One way of classifying stakeholder groups is to classify them as primary or secondary stakeholders. Primary stakeholders have some direct interest or stake in the organization. Secondary stakeholders, in contrast, are public or special interest groups that do not have a direct stake in the organization but are still affected by its operations. Exhibit 2 classifies some major stakeholder groups into primary and secondary categories. The owners of a firm are among the primary stakeholders of the firm. An organization has legal and moral obligations to its owners. These obligations include, but are not limited to, attempting to ensure that owners receive an adequate return on their investment. Employees are also primary stakeholders who have both legal and moral claims on the organization. Organizations also have specific responsibilities to their customers in terms of producing and marketing goods and services that offer functionality, safety, and value; to local communities, which can be greatly affected by the actions of resident organizations and thus have a direct stake in their operations; and to the other companies with whom they do business. Many social commentators also suggest that companies have a direct responsibility to future generations and to the natural environment. An organization's responsibilities are not limited to primary stakeholders. Although governmental bodies and regulatory agencies do not usually have ownership stakes in companies in free-market economies, they do play an active role in trying to ensure that organizations accept and meet their responsibilities to primary stakeholder groups. Organizations are accountable to these secondary stakeholders. Organizations must also contend with civic and special interest groups that purport to act on behalf of a wide variety of constituencies. Trade associations and industry groups are also affected by an organization's actions and its reputation. The media reports on and investigates the actions of many companies, particularly large organizations, and most companies accept that they must contend with and effectively "manage" their relationship with the media. Finally, even an organization's competitors can be considered secondary stakeholders, as they are obviously affected by organizational actions. For example, one might argue that organizations have a social responsibility to compete in the marketplace in a manner that is consistent with the law and with the best practices of their industry, so that all competitors will have a fair chance to succeed. CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL ISSUES Corporations deal with a wide variety of social issues and problems, some directly related to their operations, some not. It would not be possible to adequately describe all of the social issues faced by business. This section will briefly discuss three contemporary issues that are of major concern: the environment, global issues, and technology issues. There are many others. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. Corporations have long been criticized for their negative effect on the natural environment in terms of wasting natural resources and contributing to environmental problems such as pollution and global warming. The use of fossil fuels is thought to contribute to global warming, and there is both governmental and societal pressure on corporations to adhere to stricter environmental standards and to voluntarily change production processes in order to do less harm to the environment. Other issues related to the natural environment include waste disposal, deforestation, acid rain, and land degradation. It is likely that corporate responsibilities in this area will increase in the coming years. GLOBAL ISSUES. Corporations increasingly operate in a global environment. The globalization of business appears to be an irreversible trend, but there are many opponents to it. Critics suggest that globalization leads to the exploitation of developing nations and workers, destruction of the environment, and increased human rights abuses. They also argue that globalization primarily benefits the wealthy and widens the gap between the rich and the poor. Proponents of globalization argue that open markets lead to increased standards of living for everyone, higher wages for workers worldwide, and economic development in impoverished nations. Many large corporations are multinational in scope and will continue to face legal, social, and ethical issues brought on by the increasing globalization of business. Whether one is an opponent or proponent of globalization, however, does not change the fact that corporations operating globally face daunting social issues. Perhaps the most pressing issue is that of labor standards in different countries around the world. Many corporations have been stung by revelations that their plants around the world were "sweatshops" and/or employed very young children. This problem is complex because societal standards and expectations regarding working conditions and the employment of children vary significantly around the world. Corporations must decide which is the responsible option: adopting the standards of the countries in which they are operating or imposing a common standard world-wide. A related issue is that of safety conditions in plants around the world. Another issue in global business is the issue of marketing goods and services in the international marketplace. Some U.S. companies, for example, have marketed products in other countries after the products were banned in the United States. TECHNOLOGY ISSUES. Another contemporary social issue relates to technology and its effect on society. For example, the Internet has opened up many new avenues for marketing goods and services, but has also opened up the possibility of abuse by corporations. Issues of privacy and the security of confidential information must be addressed. Biotechnology companies face questions related to the use of embryonic stem cells, genetic engineering, and cloning. All of these issues have far-reaching societal and ethical implications. As our technological capabilities continue to advance, it is likely that the responsibilities of corporations in this area will increase dramatically. Corporate social responsibility is a complex topic. There is no question that the legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations placed on businesses are greater than ever before. Few companies totally disregard social issues and problems. Most purport to pursue not only the goal of increased revenues and profits, but also the goal of community and societal betterment. Research suggests that those corporations that develop a reputation as being socially responsive and ethical enjoy higher levels of performance. However, the ultimate motivation for corporations to practice social responsibility should not be a financial motivation, but a moral and ethical one. Stakeholders and Corporate Social Responsibility These stakeholder groups form the basis of success and failure of the business. Stakeholders are individuals or groups that have interests, rights, or ownership in an organization and its activities. Customers, suppliers, employees, and shareholders are example of primary stakeholder groups. Each has interest in how an organization performs or interacts with them. These stakeholder groups can benefit from a company’s success and can be harmed by its mistakes. Secondary stakeholders are also important because they can take action that can damage or assist the organization. Secondary stakeholders include governments (especially through regulatory agencies), unions, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), activities, political action groups, and the media. In orders to serve their stakeholders in an ethical and social manner, more and more organizations are adapting the model of corporate social responsibility. The term Corporate Social Responsibility goes by many other terms such as corporate citizenship, responsible business or simply corporate responsibility. When an organization builds ethical and social elements in its operating philosophy and integrate them in its business model, it is said to have possessed a self-regulating mechanism that guides, monitor and ensure its adherence to law, ethics, and norms in carrying out business activities that ensures the serving the interest of all external and internal stakeholders. In other words, the objective of being socially responsible business is achieved when its activities meet or exceed the expectations of all its stakeholders. Here is a model for evaluating an organization’s social performance. The model indicates that total corporate social responsibility can be subdivided into four criteria-economic, legal, ethical and discretionary responsibilities. These responsibilities are ordered from bottom to top in the following illustration. Let’s discuss each one them briefly. Economic responsibilities: The first criterion of social responsibility is economic responsibility. The business institution is, above all, the basic economic unit of society. Its responsibility is to produce goods and services that a society wants and to maximise profit for its owners and shareholders. Economic responsibilities, carried to the extreme, is called profit-maximizing view; it was advocated by Nobel economist Milton Friedman. This view argued that a company should be operated on a profit-oriented basis, with its sole mission to increase its profits so long as is stays withing the rule of the game. The purely profit-maximizing view is no longer considered an adequate criterion of performance in the world in general. Treating economic gain in the social as the only social responsibility can lead companies into trouble. Legal responsibilities All modern societies lay down ground rules, laws and regulations that businesses are expected to follow. Legal responsibility defines what society deems as important with respect to appropriate corporate behavior. Businesses are expected to fulfil their economic goals within the legal framework. Legal requirements are imposed by local councils, state and federal governments and their regulating agencies. Organizations that knowingly break the law are poor performers in this category. Intentionally manufacturing defective goods or billing a client for work not done is illegal. Legal sanctions may include embarrassing public apologies or corporate ‘confessions’. Ethical responsibilities Ethical responsibility include behavior that is not necessarily codified into law and may not serve the organization’s direct economic interests. To be ethical, organization’s decision makers should act with equity, fairness and impartiality, respect the rights of individuals, and provide different treatments of individual only when differences between them are relevant to the organization’s goals and tasks. Unethical behavior occurs when decisions enable an individual or organization to gain expense of society. Discretionary responsibilities Discretionary responsibility is purely voluntary and guided by an organization’s desire to make social contributions not mandated by economics, laws or ethics. Discretionary activities include generous philanthropic contributions that offer no payback to the organization and are not expected. Discretionary responsibility is the highest criterion of social responsibility, because it goes beyond societal expectations to contribute to the community’s welfare.

Germany influential

Debt is an efficient tool. It ensures access to other peoples’ raw materials and infrastructure on the cheapest possible terms. Dozens of countries must compete for shrinking export markets and can export only a limited range of products because of Northern protectionism and their lack of cash to invest in diversification. Market saturation ensues, reducing exporters’ income to a bare minimum while the North enjoys huge savings. The IMF cannot seem to understand that investing in … [a] healthy, well-fed, literate population … is the most intelligent economic choice a country can make. Many developing nations are in debt and poverty partly due to the policies of international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. • Poor countries must export more in order to raise enough money to pay off their debts in a timely manner. • Because there are so many nations being asked or forced into the global market place—before they are economically and socially stable and ready—and told to concentrate on similar cash crops and commodities as others, the situation resembles a large-scale price war. • Then, the resources from the poorer regions become even cheaper, which favors consumers in the West. • Governments then need to increase exports just to keep their currencies stable (which may not be sustainable, either) and earn foreign exchange with which to help pay off debts. One of the many things that the powerful nations (through the IMF, World Bank, etc.) prescribe is that the developing nation should open up to allow more imports in and export more of their commodities. However, this is precisely what contributes to poverty and dependency. of a society spends one hundred dollars to manufacture a product within its borders, the money that is used to pay for materials, labor and, other costs moves through the economy as each recipient spends it. Due to this multiplier effect, a hundred dollars worth of primary production can add several hundred dollars to the Gross National Product (GNP) of that country. If money is spent in another country, circulation of that money is within the exporting country. This is the reason an industrialized product-exporting/commodity-importing country is wealthy and an undeveloped product-importing/commodity-exporting country is poor. [Emphasis Added] …Developed countries grow rich by selling capital-intensive (thus cheap) products for a high price and buying labor-intensive (thus expensive) products for a low price. This imbalance of trade expands the gap between rich and poor. The wealthy sell products to be consumed, not tools to produce. This maintains the monopolization of the tools of production, and assures a continued market for the product. [Such control of tools of production is a strategy of a mercantilist process. That control often requires military might.] As seen above as well, one of the effects of structural adjustment is that developing countries must increase their exports. Usually commodities and raw materials are exported. But as Smith noted above, poor countries lose out when they • export commodities (which are cheaper than finished products) • are denied or effectively blocked from industrial capital and real technology transfer, and • import finished products (which are more expensive due to the added labor to make the product from those commodities and other resources) More than 50 developing countries depend on three or fewer commodities for over half of their export earnings. Twenty countries are dependent on commodities for over 90 percent of their total foreign exchange earnings, says the World Bank. Falling [commodity] prices have meant that large increases in export volume by commodity producers have not translated into greater export revenues, leading to severely declining terms of trade for many commodity producing countries. When the purchasing power of a country’s exports declines, a country is unable to purchase imported goods and services necessary for its sustenance, as well as generating income for the implementation of sustainable development programs. A vast majority of developing countries depend on commodities as a main source of revenue. Primary commodities account for about half of the export revenues of developing countries and many developing countries continue to rely heavily on one or two primary commodities for the bulk of their export earnings. cheaply, and thereby prevent a greater and more valuable importation of the manufactured commodities. (Emphasis Added) Reading the above, we can say that structural adjustment policies are also mercantilist. We are constantly told that we live in a world of global capitalism, and yet we see that while free markets are preached (in Adam Smith’s name), mercantilism is still practiced! Of course, today it is a bit more complicated too. We do have, for example, products being exported from the poorer countries (albeit some facing high barriers in the rich nations). But exporting rather than first creating and developing local industry and economy, means the “developing” country loses out in the long run, (hardly “developing”) because there is little multiplier effect of money circulating within the country, as mentioned above. Furthermore, with labor being paid less than their fair wages in the poorer nations, wealth is still accumulated by—and concentrated in—the richer nations. Stiglitz then tells Palast that after each nation’s economy is analyzed, the World Bank “hands every minister the same four-step program” (emphasis added), described in the article as follows: 1. Privatization. Stiglitz tells Palast that some politicians were corrupt enough to go ahead with some state sell-offs: “Rather than object to the sell-offs of state industries, he said national leaders—using the World Bank’s demands to silence local critics—happily flogged their electricity and water companies. ‘You could see their eyes widen’ at the prospect of 10% commissions paid to Swiss bank accounts for simply shaving a few billion off the sale price of national assets.” According to Palast, Stiglitz asserts that the US government knew about, at least in one case: the 1995 Russian sell-off: “‘The US Treasury view was this was great as we wanted Yeltsin re-elected. We don’t care if it’s a corrupt election.’” (Emphasis added) 2. Capital market liberalization. According to Palast, Stiglitz describes the disastrous capital flows that can ruin economies as being “predictable,” and says that “when [the outflow of capital] happens, to seduce speculators into returning a nation’s own capital funds, the IMF demands these nations raise interest rates to 30%, 50% and 80%.” 3. Market-based pricing. Palast writes that it is at this point that the IMF “drags the gasping nation” to this third points, described as “a fancy term for raising prices on food, water and cooking gas” which, Palast continues, “leads, predictably, to Step-Three-and-a-Half: what Stiglitz calls, ‘The IMF riot.’” These riots, which the article clarifies are “peaceful demonstrations dispersed by bullets, tanks and teargas[sic],” cause further capital outflows, a situation which, as Palast points out, is not without a “bright” side: “foreign corporations … can then pick off remaining assets, such as the odd mining concession or port, at fire sale prices.” 4. Free trade. But a version dominated by “rules of the World Trade Organization and the World Bank,” which according to Palast, Stiglitz likens to the Opium Wars: “That too was about ‘opening markets’,” he said. Palast writes that “As in the nineteenth century, Europeans and Americans today are kicking down barriers to sales in Asia, Latin American and Africa while barricading our own markets against the Third World’s agriculture.” (Note that while even President Bush will claim that we want rules based global mechanisms, the mainstream media often does not ask what the rules themselves are, and whether they are most appropriate.) Palast highlights Stiglitz’s problems with the IMF/World Bank plans, plans that the article describes as “devised in secrecy and driven by an absolutist ideology”: first, they are not open to discourse and dissent, and second, that they don’t work. Palast writes that “Under the guiding hand of IMF structural ‘assistance’ Africa's income dropped by 23%.” . This model of development, whereby the North (or the developed Nations) impose their conditions on the South (the developing Nations) has come under criticism by many NGOs and other groups/individuals. Perhaps the model needs to be revised and approached from different angles, as this Oxfam paper suggests. True, in some cases corrupt governments have borrowed money from these institutions and/or directly from various donor nations and ended up using that money to pursue conflicts, for arms deals, or to divert resources away from their people. However, in most cases that has been done knowingly, with the support of various rich nations due to their own “national interests”, especially during the Cold War. As the global financial crisis which started in the West around 2008 has taken hold, many rich nations themselves are facing economic problems. Perhaps surprisingly many have prescribed to themselves structural adjustment and austerity programs. Some have been pressured onto them by others. For example, in Europe, Germany is influential in requiring austerity measures if countries want bailouts from Germany or the European Union. For more about the austerity measures being put in, and how some of it seems ideologically based in fact of evidence that it is not working — or even making the economy worse — see this site’s section on the global financial crisis.

food

Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis: Nigeria The Nigerian Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) provides an in-depth assessment of the food security situation within Nigeria. This is very important as it equips policymakers with timely and relevant information that will aid the targeting of interventions. Some of the most pertinent findings of the study are listed below: • Food insecurity and poverty are intricately linked. Some 29 percent of households in the poorest wealth quintiles have unacceptable diets (9 percent poor and 20 percent borderline) compared with 15 percent in the wealthiest (2 percent poor and 13 percent borderline). • The poorest livelihoods are found in agriculture. Seventy-seven percent of subsistence farmers are found in the two poorest wealth quintiles, as are 70 percent of mixed or cash crop farmers. • The general state of water and sanitation facilities available to households in all wealth categories is very poor, with consequent health implications. Forty-five percent of respondents do not have access to decent toilets, and 85 percent have no proper means of refuse disposal. • The vulnerable and food insecure are mostly found in rural areas and the North West and North East regions of Nigeria. • Most households in all regions and at all wealth levels purchase food, but rural households and poorer households (by wealth and livelihood) also rely heavily on own food production. Households in the poorest quintiles in both rural and urban areas rely on own production (32 percent rural and 24 percent urban). Wealthier urban households rely mostly on purchases, whereas own production is common at varying levels across all wealth levels for rural households. • Nigerians generally consume a starchy diet, but wealthier households can afford more nutrient-rich foods (including animal-based proteins) than poorer households. For instance, the wealthiest households consume meat, fish, and eggs an average of four days a week compared with only two days for the poorest households. • Most households protect vulnerable household members in terms of food allocations (women and children), but that may not hold in the poorest households where some difficult allocation decisions may have to be made. • Poorer households are more likely to engage in extreme coping strategies (like going a whole day without food) to deal with food shortages. Availability of Food Food science makes it possible for the majority of the world’s current population of 7 billion to have much greater access to an abundant, diverse food supply that is largely safe, flavorful, nutritious, convenient and less costly than ever before. Food sciencjavascript:void(0);e is becoming even more important as the world population expands. Within the next 50 years, it is expected to be over 9 billion. Preservation Drying, canning, preservation, and refrigeration (including chilling and freezing), are all examples of food processing techniques that help keep food edible after harvested for extended periods of time. Alternative preservation technologies, such as high pressure processing, have been developed during the past 15 – 20 years to meet consumers’ growing demand for safe, fresh and highly nutritious foods. Quality Taste, aroma, texture, color and nutrient content all contribute to the quality of food. In most cases, these attributes begin to decline as soon as raw food materials or ingredients are harvested or collected. Processes adapted from food science help to minimize this decline. Nutrition Processed foods and beverages can have positive nutrient benefits beyond those of the raw or home-prepared product. Some processed products such as frozen vegetables, are often a better value for the consumer. Convenience The food system has drastically changed over the years from one centered around family food production on individual farms and home food preservation to the modern system of today where it’s possible to walk into a grocery store and buy food that requires little or no preparation. Disease Prevention Rickets, once considered an extremely common disorder of childhood, is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D. Fortification of dairy and other products have virtually eliminated this disease. Fortification of foods such as cereal, bread and pasta with folic acid, a B vitamin that helps make healthy new cells, has helped reduce the risk of serious birth defects. Sustainability Commercial food manufacturing operations are more efficient in the conversion of raw materials into consumer products than home processing and preparation. Through life-cycle assessments of the environmental impacts of the food system, waste-management practices are being refined and improved further. Food Safety Food processing is designed to remove health hazards associated with microbial pathogens. Pasteurization of milk is just one of many examples of processes that reduce the risk of foodborne illness and extend shelf life. FROM IFT o Feeding the World Today and Tomorrow: The Importance of Food Science and Technology o IFT interview with John Floros on Feeding a Growing Population o Interview with World Food Prize winner Phil Nelson on Feeding the World Through Food Science o Video: What is food science? o Video: Food Storage and Shelf Live Can You Imagine? What a world without food science would look like: - No way to keep food fresh - Nutrition would be a guessing game - Food would look and taste bad - Food would cost a lot more - Dinner would take all day to prepare - Food would be unsafe to eat - There wouldn't be enough food for everyone The good news? Thousands of dedicated food science professionals, are preventing this frightening scenario from becoming a reality. They are developing safe, nutritious, healthy and plentiful food that consumers eat everyday.

production measure

CHAPTER ONE THE NEEED FOR CONTROL FUNCTION WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION Control is the regulation of organization’s activities so that some targeted element of performance remains within acceptance limit. Without this regulation, organization has no indication of how well they perform in relation to their goals. Industrial/organizational control compares where the organization is in terms of performance (financial, productive, or otherwise) to where it is suppose to be. Control provides an organization with a mechanism for adjusting its course if performance falls outside of acceptable boundaries. F or instance, if NIGERIAN Distillers has a performance goal of delivery 99% (percent) of its Eagle schnapps on time, eventually, on-time deliveries falls to 97% (percent), control systems will signal the problem to manager so they can make necessary adjustment in operations to regain the target level of performance. An organization without effective control procedures is not likely to read its goal. As a result of this, Griffins (1999;611 – 612) pointed out the need and purpose of effective control as follows: 1. Adapting to Environmental Change: If managers could establish goals and achieve them instantaneously, control would not be needed. But between the time a goal is establish and the time it is reached, many things can happen in the organization and its environment to disrupt movement towards the goal or even change the goal itself. A properly designed control system can help managers anticipate, monitor, and respond to changing circumstances. In contract an improperly designed system can result in organizational performance that force far below acceptance level. For instance, the quality content to boost it quality, productivity and profitability. 2. Limiting the Accumulation of Error: Small mistakes and errors do not often seriously damage the financial health of an organization. Small error may accumulate and become very serious for instance, a company that has a high demand of its product and as a result of this, stopped worrying about improving its product point may be impaired at the long run. If the defeat rate of the company quality rise from 6% to 10%, to 18% and eventually reached 28%. One day, the manager will realize that 120 of the firm’s 270 employees were spending all their time fixing defective units and that N2 million worth of inventory was awaiting repair. Had the company adequately controlled as it responded to increased demand, the problem would have never reached such proportions. 3. Coping with Organization complexity: when the firm purchases only one raw material, produces one product has a simple organization design and enjoy constant demand for its product, its managers can maintain control with a very basic and simple system. But a business that produces many products from multiple raw materials and that has a large market area, a complicated organization design, and many competitors needs a sophisticated system in order to maintain adequate control. 4. Minimizing Costs: When it is practiced effectively, control can also help reduce costs and boost output. A firm can its control system to calculate the total amount of raw materials required for production. Effective control system can eliminate waste, reduce labor costs, and improve output unit of input. ESSENTAIL FUTURES OF INDUSTRAIL CONTROL SYSTEM 1. Integration with planning: control should be linked with planning. The explicit and precise this linkage is, the more effective is the control system. The best way to integrate planning and control is to account for control as plans develop. As goals are set during planning process, attention should be paid to developing standards that will reflect how well the plan is realized. 2. Flexibility:

ECONOMICS

Economics 1983-2004 JAMB Questions Economics 1983 1. Which of the following items is NOT included in measuring national income by the income approach? A. Wages and salaries of public servants B. Student grants and scholarships. C. Profits of companies. D. Income earned by self employed persons such as lawyers. E. Rents on property. 2. A down ward sloping demand curve intersects a fixed supply curve. Ashift of this demand curve to the right implies that A. both price and quantitywill increase B. only price increase C. only quantity increase D. the price remains constant E. the price falls. 3. Which of the following items is NOT an argument for locating industries in rural areas? A. Rural areas supply agricultural raw material. B. The pace of development will be quickened in rural areas. C. Employment will be provided for rural inhabitants. D. Capital is easily available in rural areas. E. Suitable humid climate is sometimes found in rural areas. 4. The curves D0D0 and S0S0 are the demand and supply curves respectively. What happens government subsidizes producers in order to boost output? A. The supply curve will shift S0S0 to S2S2 B. The supply curve will shift fromS0S0 to S1S1 C. The supply curve will shift fromS2S2 to S1S1 D. The supply curve will shift fromS1S1 to S0S0 E. The demand curve will shift fromD0D0 toD1D1 5. The natural growth rate of a population is the A. Sum of the birth rate and the death rate B. Sum of the birth rate and the net migration rate C. Birth rate minus the death rate D. Birth rate divided by the net migration E. Death rateminus the net migration. 6. Which of the following sets fully represents factor of production? A. Sunlight,machinery, man, land B. Land, labour, capital, enterprise technology C. Capital, technology, ideas, market, land. D. Land,water, weather. E. Money, market, middlemen. 7. Production possibilities (alternatives) P Q R S T Units of shelter 5 4 3 2 0 Units of food 0 5 9 12 15 Based on the above production possibilities table, the real cost of a unit of food when alternative R is selected is A. One unit of shelter B. Three units of shelter C. One third of a unit of shelter D. Six units of shelter E. Two units of shelter. 8. The concept of economic efficiency primarily refers to A. Obtaining the maximum output from available resources at the lowest possible cost B. Conservation of our petroleum resources C. Equity in the distribution of the nation’s wealth D. Producing without waste E. The limited wants unlimited resources dilemma 9. If successive units of labour are added to a piece of land while capital and technology remain constant, a point will be reached in the level of production when each added unit of labour will add less to the output than previous units of labour. A. The productivity of labour B. The lawof diminishingmarginal utility C. The lawof diminishing returns D. The concept of factor intensity E. Labour intensive production. 10. In perfect competition a firm’s price is equal to its marginal revenue which is again equal to average revenue. This formmaximizes its profitswhen its marginal cost (MC)is equal to price (p). Which of the curves in the diagram below represents the firm’s marginal cost (MC? A. Curve I B. Curve II C. Curve III D. Curve IV P0 Q0 O Price E. Curve I and III 11. ANigerian household’s demand curve for semovita is downward sloping because A. The demand for semovita is high B. The local markets are floodedwith semovita C. It is produced in Nigeria D. Every household can afford to buy semovita E. Higher prices attract lower quantities while lower prices attract larger quantities 12. The table below shows the market schedule for semovita. QUANTITY QUANTITY PRICE DEMANDED SUPPLIED per 5 kg bag in bags in bags N3.00 15,000 1,500 N4.00 13,000 3,000 N5.00 10,000 6,000 N6.00 7,000 7,000 N7.00 5,000 9,000 N8.00 4,000 12,000 N9.00 2,000 14,000 What is the market equilibriumprice? A..N5.00B. N8.00 C. N9.00 D. N7.00 E. N6.00 13. Marginal cost curve intersects average cost curve A. From above at its lowest point B. From below before the lowest point C. From below at its lowest point D. From belowafter the lowest point E. At zero point 14. Palm oil industry is located in Bendel State because the state A. Imports rawmaterial for palm oil industry B. Is a palm tree growing area C. Soil is unsuitable for other crops D. Government does not engage land for other crops E. Land is suitable for oil 15. Themeaning of ‘wage-price spiral’ is A. Demand pull and cost push inflation pulling each other in different directions B. Demand pull and cost push inflation intensifying each other C. Both of them bringing about a reduction in the price level D. That demand pull and cost push inflation increase employment E. That wages and prices are rising at a proportional rate 16. In an inflationary period which of the following statement is NOT true? A. Wages rise simultaneously with prices B. The purchasing power of money diminishes C. Moremoney runs after a limited quantity goods D. Money supply increases E. Aggregate real demand exceeds aggregate real supply 17. Retailers in an economyperform the function of A. Production B. Exchange C. Distribution D. Hoarding E. Investment 18. In a sole proprietorship the decisions are made by the A. Government B. Board of directors C. Management D. Shareholders’conference E. Owner 19. Which of the following enterprises does NOT pursue the sole objective of profit maximization A. Roads Nigeria Ltd. B. Union Bank ofNigeria Ltd. C. Nigerian Electric PowerAuthority D. Volkswagen (VW) Nigeria Ltd. E. KingswayNigeria Ltd. 20. Public expenditure creates expansionary effects in the economy when it is A. In excess of government revenue B. Channelled into capital projected C. Diverted into imports D. Financed through oil revenue E. Completely financed through part of the year total collection taxes. 21. Themaintenance of general economic stability in the country necessarily relies heavily on A. Federal fiscal policy B. Coordinated federal, state and local fiscal policies C. Tax and revenue policies of state governments D. Federal grants to state and local governments E. Federal grants to local governments 22. The supply of loanable funds is significantly influenced by A. Commercial banks B. Mortgage banks C. Financial intermediaries D. The CentralBank E. Insurance companies 23. Which of the following are direct taxes A. Sales taxes B. Excise duties C. Income and company taxes D. Tariff duties E. Commodity taxes 24. Division of labour has many advantages. Notwithstanding, it is greatly limited by A. Monotony ofwork B. Decline of craftmanship C. Risk of unemployment D. Extent of market demand E. Boredom 25. In the above diagram P1S is a supply curve for a manufactured good. It shows that A. When price is Po1 quantity supplied is infinitely elastic B. The higher the price the greater the quantity supplied C. The higher the price the lower the quantity supplied D. When price is zero quantity supplied becomes infinite E. When price is infinite quantity supplied becomes zero 26. In the event of a limited liability company going into liquidation each A. Shareholder may lose themaximum of the amount he has invested B. Shareholder loses nothing C. Shareholder loses everything including his house D. Shareholder’s liability becomes unlimited E. Shareholder will lose the amount he has invested plus a proportion of his bank account 27. A greater burden of the taxes on essential goods is borne by the A. middle income group B. Higher income group C. Lower income group D. People falling between the middle and higher income group E. Top few richest people of the country. 28. Comparative cost doctrine of international trade means specialization in production A. According to absolute cost advantage B. According to absolute cost disadvantages C. According to Comparative cost disadvantages D. According to comparative cost advantages E. On the basis of the availability of labour 29. Themeaning of ‘Dumping’ is selling goods in a foreignmarket A. At a price below that received the home market B. At a price higher than that received in the homemarket C. At a price equal to the cost price in the homemarket D. In order to encourage indigenous producers E. At a price equal to the selling price in the homemarket 30. Disequilibrium in the balance of payments means A. Imports of the country exceeding its exports B. Overall deficit or surplus in the current account and capital account of the balance of payments C. Capital flowing out of the country ex ceeds the capital flowing into the country D. Deficit in the trade balance E. Export earnings exceed cost of imports. 31. Petroleum‘glut’ in international trade means A. A fallen in petroleum production B. An over supply of petroleum C. A higher petroleum price offered by the buyer D. A higher petroleum price demanded by the seller E. Higher prices for the consumption of pe troleum 32. International trade is necessary because A. No country can live in economic isolation B. Different countries are differently endowed in natural andman-made resources C. Some countries have comparative costs advantage in the production of particular commodities over other countries D. The world demand for and supply of various categories of commodities is expanding very fast E. Countries want to build up their foreign exchange reserves. 33. Mono-product economies are those that A. Have a rich cultural heritage B. Product only rawmaterials C. Live from the export of their raw products D. Produce one main commodity E. Specialize in agriculture industries 34. The quickest way of achieving an economic union on regional basis is to remove all A. Currency barriers B. Language barriers P P1 O S Q C. Political barriers D. Customs barriers E. Legal barriers. 35. If an economy is growing at an annual rate of 7% and 4% of it is known to be due to the improve ments in labour and capital combined, the balance of 3% is usually due to A. Land and related factors B. Abundance of natural resources C. Level of human capital D. Technical progress or other factors E. The discipline of political leaders 36. Amajor function of middlemen in Nigeria is the distribution of A. Commodities to all consumers regardless of income B. Commodities to consuming centres and the collection ofmoney income to producing centres C. Economicwelfare to all D. Wealth to all E. Poverty within the society. 37. When a government owns enterprises a numbers of advantages arise.Which of the following is NOT one of such advantages? A. More capital is provided B. Pricing policymay be in the interest of consumers C. Government workers may be indifferent towards the public. D. Infrastructures are rapidly developed. E. Income may bemore evenly distributed 38. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of localization of industries? A. Reaping of external economies B. Development of a pool of skilled labour for the industry C. Development of subsidiary industries D. Development of organizedmarkets E. Growth of conurbations. 39. Themonetary system that requires double coincidence of wants is known as A. The gold standard B. Barter C.The commodity systeD.The gold exchange standard E. The cheque system 40. The effect of emigration on a country’s population, all other things remaining equal, is to A. Increase its size B. Cause overpopulation C. Increase its growth rate D. Reduce the proportion of children E. Reduce its size 41. Money performs a number of functions. ONE of these functions makes it possible for any person to provide for old age. Because of that particular function, money is regarded as a A. Medium of exchange B. Measure of value C. Unit of account D. Store of value E. Standard for deferred payments. 42. Agriculture plays a dominant role inWestAfrica economies because A. The Green Revolution in Nigeria is agricultural B. It supplies all the foodstuff consumed in West Africa C. There are large plantations of cocoa, groundnut and palm oil inWestAfrica D. It is the main source of revenue in Nigeria E. It employs more than 50% of the total labour force inWestAfrica 43. Which of the following defines Economics most comprehensively? A. Buying and selling B. Organization of industries. C. Study of human behaviour in the allocation of scarce resources. D. National development planning and budgeting E. Banking and insurance 44. Age structure in Nigeria is such that the working age-group is in the years A. 1-15 B. 15-65 C. 30-40 D. 40-65E. 65 and above 45. NEPAas a public corporation is A. Apower-generating industry in Nigeria B. Organized in a perfectly competitivemarket C. A duopoly D. Amonopolistically competitive industry E. Amonopoly 46. Full employment is a situation in which A. Every adult is employed B. All adult who can work are employed C. All persons who have attained the age of 15 years and above are employed D. Only the disabled are not employed E. All those who are able and eligible to work can find employment 47. When demand is elastic, it means that consumer A. React more proportionately to price change B. Are not sensitive to price change C. Will stop buying when price increases D. React less proportionately to price change E. React equally to price change 48. Demand for a factor of production is A. Acomposite demand B. Ajoint demand C. Aderived demand D. An elasticity of demand E. Cross-elasticity of demand 49. Differentiated product is the characteristic feature of A.Perfect competition B. Pure competition C.Monopolistic competition D.MonopolyE.Oligopoly 50. Nigeria is currently implementing the A. Third development plan B. Second development plan C. Fourth development plan D. Fifth development plan E. First development plan. 8. The advantages that accrue to a firm as the size of the firm increases are known as A. External diseconomies B.Internal returnes to scale C. Internal economies D.Internal diseconomies E. Constant returns to scale. 9. One of the advantages of large-scale production is that A. There is a rise in the cost of administration B. Consumers sacrifice their individual tastes C. The firm can use labour-saving machinery D. The demand for a firm’s products become localized E. Decision making takes a long time because different levels of management are involved. 10. Which of the following isNOT an obstacle to economic development? A. Low level of investmentB. Lackofmodern technology C. High rate of population growth D. Low productivity E. Dedicated leadership 11. An ageing population refers to the preponderance on A. Middle-aged people in the population B. Young people in the population C. Women in ht population D. Oldmen in the population E. Old people in the population 12. Let TC = total cost TVC = total variable costs TFC = total fixed costs ATC = average total costs AVC = average variable costs AFC = average fixed costs Q = output Which of the following is NOT true? A. TC = TFC+TVC B. ATC = AVC+AFC C. AFC = TFC Q D. TVC = AVC Q E. AVC = TVC Q 13. Which of the following isNOT a determinant of the size of the economically active population? A. Age structure B. Occupation of workers C. Proportion ofmen towomen D. Average length of the working day E. Efficiency of the labour force Economics 1984 1. The main economic objective behind the production of goods and services in any economy is to A.Maximize profits B. Satisfy human wants C. Become self-reliant D.Create job opportunities E.Make people wealthy. 2. Demand for a commodity by a consumer is the quantity of that commodity that the consumer A. Demands at a given price at a point in time B. Demands at a given price C. Actually digests D. Produces, given its price E. Can store away during bad weather 3. Division of labour is limited by A. The size of themarket B. The productivity of capital C. Cost of production D. The factors of production E. Government policy 4. The production within the domestic territory of a country is called the A. Net national product B. Gross domestic product C. Net income D. Disposable income E. Gross national product 5. In discussing the reasons why wages differ between occupations, which of the following should be regarded as a cardinal point that needs to be emphasized? A. Length and cost of training B. Demand and supply C. Attractiveness of the job D. Influence fo trade unions. E. Government intervention. 6. A rightward shift in the production possibility frontier may be due to A. Use of inferior inputs B. Inefficiency C. Improvement in production techniques and practices D. Changes in the product mix E. Changes in consumers’ tastes and preferences. 7. Fixed Variable Total Marginal Average Quantity Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost N N N N N 1 750 200 950 - 950 2 750 560 1310 360 655 3 750 900 1650 ? 550 The above table shows the short-run costs of a firm. What is the firm’s marginal cost for the third item produced? A.N350.00 B. N349.00 C. N360.00 D.N370.50 E. N505.00 14. The population level that yields the maximum output when combined with available resources is known as A. Dependent population B. Maximumpopulation C. Active population D. Production population E. Optimumpopulation. 15. In the above diagram the supply curve S0S0 shifts to a newposition S1S1 to indicate A. A drop in supply B. A rise in supply C. A supply-push inflation D. A stable supply curve E. An increase in quantity supplied. 16. If X and Y are two goods, then the cross elasticity of demand for X with respect to Y is defined as the A. Percentage change in the quantity ofXdivided by the percentage change in the price of Y B. Percentage change in the quantity ofXdivided by change in the price of Y C. Change in the quantityofXdivided by change in the price of Y D. Percentage change in the quantity ofXdivided by the price of Y E. Percentage change in the quantity of Y. 17. For two substitute goods, the cross elasticity of demand is A. Greater than one but less than two B. Zero C. Negative D. Positive E. Infinity 18. The control of prices by legislation usually produces a number of consequences. Which of the following is NOT an associated problem ofmaximum price control? A. Excess supply B. Favouritism C. Bribery and corruption D. Black marketing E. Hoarding 19. For a non-discriminatingmonopolist in Nigeria, price at the profitmaximizing output is A. Equal to marginal cost B. Greater than marginal cost C. Greater than average total cost D. Equal tomarginal revenue E. Equal to total revenue 20. A demand curve slopes downwards because of A. An increase in the money income of the consumer B. Adecreasein themoneyincome of the consumer C. The substitution effect and the rise in real income of the consumer D. Therise in demandfor the complementary goods E. Theincrease in thedemand for factors of production 21. An imperfectly competitivemarket is one where A. Alargenumber offirms sell homogenousproducts B. Input and output prices are unaffected C. Each firm faces a horizontal demand curve D. Each firm maximizes profit by selecting an out putlevelatwhichmarginalcostequalsmarketprice E. Commodities are differentiated 22. In taxation, the benefit principle requires that A. Everybodymust draw benefits from taxation B. All thosewho earnmore incomemust paymore taxes C. Only those who derive benefits from services provided from public revenue should be taxed D. Taxes paid by businesses should be shifted to those consumers benefiting from such consumer commodities E. Everybody pays an equal amount 23. A perfectly competitive firm does not influence the demand for its commodities by lowering its price below the market price because A. It is illegal price cutting B. Other competitors will be angry C. Total revenue will decline due to its inelastic demand curve D. It is able to sell all it wants at the market price E. It does notmaximize profit. 24. Pricing and output decisions of sellers are highly interdependent in markets known as A. Oligopoly B. Perfect competition C. Monopoly D.Monopolistic competition E. Imperfect competition. 25. One disadvantage of sole proprietorship is its A. Limited liability B. High profits C. High sense of ownership D. Lowcredit rating E. Lowfailure rate. 26. The Channel for food distribution in Nigeria consists of A. Farmers and their families B. Producers, wholesalers and retailers C. Producers and consumers D. Producers and processor E. Farmers. Processors and consumers. 27. Which of the following is NOT true of debentures and debenture holders? A. Debentures are instruments for raising long-termcapital by limited liability companies B. Debentures are fixed interest-bearing securi ties with specifiesmaturity date. C. Debenture holders are creditors to the company and therefore do not share in the risk of the company D. Debenture holders are entitled to interest P O Q S1 S1 S0 S0 payments whether or not profits are made. E. Preference shareholders receive their share of profits before debenture holders receive their entitlements. 28. The economic goal of public utilities is to A.Maximize profits B. Expand assets C Minimize cost D.Provide essential services E. Pay higher dividends to shareholders 29. The basic principles of co-operative societies are those of A. Active participation of capitalists in the affairs of co-operative societies B. Workers ownership and worker control C. Sole proprietorship D. Partnership E. Denying of credit facilities tomembers 30. Themost important factor determining the location of the cement industry in Nigeria today is A. Capital and government policy B. The nature of the product, infrastructure and government policy C. Nearness to the market and source of power D. Price of the product and source of labour E. Rawmaterials 31. Themost important characteristic ofmoney is A. Portability B. Intrinsic value C.Acceptability D. Usefulness E. Beauty 32. TheCentralBank instrument ofcontroldoesNOTinclude A. Open market operations B. Moral suasion C. A rise in cost of production. D. Selective credit control E. Printing banknotes 33. Cost push inflation takes place due to A. The rapid increase in the demand for goods B. An increase in productivity of the factors of production C. A rise in the cost of production D. A rise in the standard of living E. The low wage rate of the workers. 34. LordKeynes identified threemotives for holdingmoney, that is, keeping one’s resources in liquid from instead of in some form of investment. The motivewhich relates tomaking provision for the ‘rainyday’ isknown as A. Transaction purposes B. Precautionarymotive C. Transactions motive D. Investment motive E. Rainy daymotive. 35. If a person demands money for buying and selling sec urities it is referred to as demanding money for A. Transaction purposes B. Speculative purposes C. Transactionary purposes D. Meeting the educational expenses of children E. Carrying out gambling activities. 36. Generallyproperty taxes A. Are borne entirely by landlords B. Cannot be shifted in the long run C. Are borne by all (renters, owner-occupiers and landlords) D. Are borne only by renters E. Are borne by a few industrialists. 37. One of the major effects of an increase in government expenditure on a nation’s economy is that it A. Creates investment opportunities for foreign investors B. Leads to indigenization of the private sector C. Raises the level of total tax revenue D. Raises the level of aggregate demand E. Controls the spread of monopoly 38. Public expenditure on services, such as education and health, is known as expenditure on A. General services B. Community services C. Social services D. Economic services E. Administrative services Questions 39 and 40 are based o the table below: The international production set for Nigeria and Austria is: Product Nigeria Austria Cocoa 20 tonnes 12 tonnes Lace 10metres 8 metres 39. The opportunity cost ratio for cocoa and lace for Austria and Nigeria is A. 2, 2 B. 2, 1, 5 C. 1, 5, 4 D. 1, 5, 2 E. 0.5, 1,5 40. From the table it can be deduced that A. Nigeria should produce cocoa and lace B. Austria should produce cocoa and lace C. Nigeria can benefit from producing lace only D. Nigeria should not produce any of the products E. Austria should produce lace and Nigeria should produce cocoa. 41. The following, exceptONE, are the differences between international trade and internal trade. A. Differences in currencies B. Governments control C. Mobility of factors of production D. Cultural differences. E. Exchanges of goods and services 42. Let Px represent the price of exports and Pmthe price of imports. Then the items of trade (TOT) are said to be favourable if A. Px < 1 C. PX > 1 Pm Pm B. Px < 1 D. Px = 1 Pm Pm E. 0 < Px < 1 Px 43. Which of the following items does NOT belong to a country’s current account in the balance of payments account? A.Merchandise exports B. Merchandise imports C. Travel D. Foreign currencies E.Insurance services 44. An improvement in Nigeria’s terms of trade should A. Lead to a fall in cost of her imports in terms of what she must sacrifice to obtain them B. Make ‘made in Nigeria’ goods cheaper to buy C. Increase Nigeria’s domestic output of commodities D. Lead to an increase in her exchange rates E. Lead to an increase in Nigeria’s exports of petroleum 45. Which of the following is NOT a feature of economic underdevelopment o a country? A. Large number of high income earners relative to the population B. High annual income for the few C. High incidence of poverty D. Lowdaily calorie intake per person E. High infant mortality rate Production of Goods and servises (IV) (II) Production Services Consumption Expenditures (III) (I) Wages, Interest, Rent Personal Sector Business and Government Sector 46. The above diagram illustrates A. The circular flow of income B. Gross national product plus depreciation C. Incomes of the sector D. The profit of business enterprises E. The output approach to national income determination. 47. In the diagram (I) refers to the calculation of national income through the A. Expenditure approach B. Input-output approach C. Flow of funds approach D. Income approach E. Output approach 48. In the same diagram, (III) refers to the calculation of national income through the A. Income approach B. government earnings approach C. expenditure approach D. output approach E. flow of funds approach 49. Given the present state of theNigerian economy, which of the following measures will promote a more rapid economic development? A. Complete dependence on oil exports B. Concentration on agricultural exports C. Diversification of the economy D. Building ofmore schools and universities E. Introduction of nuclear energy in Nigeria 50. Which of the following does NOT represent the behaviour of a monopolist? A. Management the market price of his goods B. Manipulating both the price and quantity of his goods at the same time C. Raising the price at onemarket, lowering at another market D. Manipulating only quantity, price being a given factor E. Manipulating the quality of his goods Economics 1985 1. One main quality of a good is that it A. Is sold in themarket B. Satisfies wants C. Is made in the factory D. Is always tangible E. Is non-perishable 2. The interdependence between household and business enterprise illustrated in the figure above is known as A. Market interaction B. Cash flow C. Circular flowof income D. Supply and demand for goods and services E. Household preference schedule 3. Bisi needs book costing N10.00. If Bisi buys the book instead of the hat, the opportunity cost of his choice is the A. Cost of the book B. Cost of the hat C. Book D. Hat E. N10.00 Household Business Enterprises Pays wages and salaries offers labour services, sells goods pays for goods S H G F S P1 P2 P3 Q1 Q2 Q3 Price Quantity P1 0 M T Q1 N Price 4. An economic problem exists whenever A. There is scarcity and choice B. There are no buyers for our goods C. There are too many sellers D. Many people are out of work E. All rawmaterials are imported 5. The meaning of scale of preference is A. Preparing a list of goods and services to be purchased in order of priority B. Showing the monthly income C. Budget preparation without due regard to proper priorities D. Consumer preference for luxurious goods E. Consumer preference for foreign goods 6. Optimum population is desirable because it enables an economy to attainmaximum A. Per capita income B. Per capita output C. Per capita real income D. Per capita revenue E. Growth rate 7. The age distribution of a population isNOT influenced by A. Birth rates B. Death rates C. Patterns of immigration D. Patterns of emigration E.. School leaving age 8. One theory of population contends that population tends to increase much faster than the supply of food, and that if the growth in population is not checked, it will be checked by natural forces like misery, disaster and food shortage. This theory was propounded by A. Prof. Paul Samuelson B. AdamSmith C. David Richardo D. Rev. Thomas Malthus E. Prof. OjetunjiAboyade 9. Units of Quantity Total Marginal Consumed Utility Utility 0 - - 1 10 10 2 15 5 3 17 2 4 18 1 5 18 0 The table above illustrates the law of A. Diminishingmarginal utility B. Diminishingmarginal productivity C. Diminishing returns D. Increasing returns E. Increase total utility 10. If in the short run commodityX and commodityYare supplied jointly, which of the following is correct? A. An increase in demand for X will increase the supply of Y B. An increase in demand for X will shift the supply of Y C. AnincreaseindemandforYwillraisetheprice X D. An increase in demand for X will cause less of Y to be produced. E. A probable tax on Y cause more of X to be supplied 11. Inmarketeconomies, resources areallocated through the A. Government authorities B. Price system C. Banking system D. Central planning bureau E. Revenue allocation formula 12. Study the figure below At point H, the price elasticity of supply is A. Perfectly inelastic B. Inelastic C. Unit elastic D. Perfectly elastic E. Elastic 13. At every point on an indifference curve, the A. Total utility is decreasing B. Prices fo all goods are constant C. Consumer is satiated D. Level of utility is constant E. Level of utility is increasing 14. Under perfect competition, the long-run equilibrium requires A. MR= MC B. MR=AC =AR C. MR> MC D. MR=MC=AR =AC E. AR=AC 15. In the figure above, the broken line labelledMis the Marginal Revenue Curve of a A. Monopoly B. Competitive firm C. State corporation D. Partnership E. Monopsony 16. If amonopoly is attempting tomaximize profit, which of the following should it attempt to do? A. Select that output atwhichATC is atminimum B. Set price equal to TC C. Maximize revenues D. Maximize revenues E. Equatemarginal cost tomarginal revenue. 17. The amount of labour a producer hires relatives to other factor inputs depends on the A. Price of labour or its wage B. Price of labour, machinery and other imputs C. Price ofmachinery D. Price of the other inputs E. Type of machinery 18. Which of the following is NOT a feature of underdevelopment? A. Lowper capita income B. Vicious circle of poverty C. Lowlevel of industrialization D. Greater dependence on primaryproduction E. High per capital income 19. The inefficient distribution of scarce commodities in Nigeria is mostly due tot he A. Inefficiency of the middleman B. Inefficiency in the production process C. Long chain of the distribution system D. Sovereignty of the consumers E. Ineffectiveness of retailers 20. Warehousing facilities in the distribution and marketing of products are provided by A. Manufacturers B. Wholesalers C. Retailers D. Consumers E. Sellers 21. A corporation can obtain funds by issuing bonds. A bond is a form of debt which falls due for repayment after A. 6months B. 9months C. 2 years D. 5 years E. 10 or more years 22. A firm is said to be a public Joint Stock Companywhen it A. Is owned by the government B. Is operated as a public corporation C. Is operated in a non-democratic fashion D. Sells shares tomembers of the public and publishes its account E. Is a limited liability company 23. Limited liabilitymeans A. The debts of a company can only be paid from business as well as private funds of the owners B. The debts of the company are paid from business as well as private funds of the owners C. Government cannot tax company D. The debts of the companymust be paid from Private funds only E. The company does not have to pay its debts. 24. The purchasing power of theNaira will fall when A. TheNaira is devalued B. Government cuts all salaries and wages C. There is inflation D. The colour of the Naira is changed E. Workers are retrenched 25. When a business has unlimited liability A. All its profits can be taxed away by the government B. All its assets are owned by the members of its board of directors C. The business ceases to exist at the death of one of its owners D. The owners are responsible for all its financial debts E. The owners are not responsible for all its financial debts. 26. Which of the following factors is most responsible for the concentration fo population around the oil fields in Eastern Nigeria? A. Establishment of industries B. Presence of mineral deposits C. Transportation facilities D. Favourable soil E. Favourable climatic conditions 27. The petro-chemical industries are located in the Rivers State of Nigeria due to A. Favourable climate B. Favourable soil C. Oil deposits D. Palm oil products E. Coal deposits 28. One of the functions of a commercial bank is that it is A. Responsible for monetary policy B. Responsible for issuing of currency notes C. The lender of last resort D. The banker of the government E. A banker of demand and time deposits of customers. 29. Because money serves as a standard of deferred payments A. It serves as a store of value B. Goods can be bought on credit with determined value C. Future trade becomes possible D. It serves as a unit of account E. It becomes valueable 30. Which of the following is a necessary prerequisite for trade by barter. A. Need for double coincidence of wants B. Multiple exchange rate C. Impossibility of future trade D. Impossibility of large-scale production E. Indivisibility of commodities 31. A state budget is an outline of planned A. Expenditures and revenues expected within a financial years B. Expenditures of ministries and parastatals withina given period C. Recurrent and capital expenditureswithin a year D. Sources of revenue derivation for a financial year E. Use of different kinds of taxation is a given year 32. Which of the following is NOT among the canons of taxation as set out byAdam Smith? A. Equality B. Security C. Certainty D. Convenience E. Economy 33. An example of a regressive tax is A. The personal income tax B. The graduated corporation income tax C. A general sales tax D. The inhertance tax E. The excise tax 34. Tax which is levied on goods manufactured, sold or used within the country is A. Sales tax B. Excise tax C. Direct tax D. Income tax E. Poll tax 35. By terms of trade, we mean the A. Ratio of exports to imports B. Difference between exports and imports C. Difference between current account and capital account D. Index of export prices to import prices expressed as a percentage E. Ratio of short-term capital movements 36. The argument of tariff protection in less developed economies is that such a measure would A. Raise the price of goods affected abroad B. Make consumers pay a higher price for the domestically produced output C. Protect young industries from ruinous competition from abroad D. Help reduce excess capacity in domestic industries E. Stifle private investment initiative 37. Devaluation of the Naira as a condition for the International Monetary Fund loan is considered inadvisable because A. It would allow for moremoney to be spent on luxuries B. The interest rate on the loan would increase C. It would decrease the demand for Nigeria’s exports D. It would worsen Nigeria’s foreign exchange situation E. Nigeria’s oil would sell for less in the world market 38. Foreign exchangecontrol inNigeria isadministered bythe A. United Bank forAfrica B. Union Bank ofNigeria C. First bank ofNigeria D. Central Bank ofNigeria E. National Bank ofNigeria 39. Under the ECOWAS agreement, aNigerian can enter and stay in Ghana without a visa for a period of A. 14 days B. 30 days C. 60 days D. 90 days E. 100days 40. HowmanyNational Development Plans did Nigeria have between 1960 and 1984? A. One B. Two C. Four D.Five E. Six 41. If an economy grows at an annual rate of 6%, ofwhich 4% is deemed to be due to improvement in the productivity of labour and capital combined, the remaining 2% is generally attributed to A. Technical progress B. Size of the population C. Amount of natural resources D. The environment E. The quality of human resource 42. The process by which a country attempts to reduce the import of manufactured goods by encouraging firms to produce these goods at home is described as A. Export promotion B. Import -substitution C. Industrialization D. Export-diversification E. Import-creation 43. Under normal circumstances a producer will bear the entire burden of taxation on his output if the A. Demand for his product is completely elastic B. Supply of his goods is more elastic than the demand C. Demand for his product ismore elastic than the supply D. Production of his commodities is subject to diminishing returns E. Production fo his commodities is subject to increasing returns to scale 44. Which of the following is NOT a part of the fixed cost of a limited liability company? A. Interest on loans B. Rent on buildings C. Depreciation reserves D. Management expenditure E. Wages 45. The act of combining factor inputs in order to obtain specific output is known as A. Factor procurement B. Manufacturing C. Investment D. Industrialization E. Producion 46. Disguised unemployment A. Exists when manpower is not being utilized efficiently B. Calls for the implementation of five-year plans C. Can be eliminated if the press is free D. Can be eliminated if the capital output ratio is increased E. Is a statistical artifact with no economic meaning 47. Output Total Cost (N) 1 20 2 56 3 96 4 144 5 160 In the table above, the marginal cost when output is two units is, A.N16.00 B. N20.00 C. N36.00 D.N40.00 E.N48.00 48. The table belowillustrates the law of diminishing returns on a farm. FixedUnit Variable Total Marginal Of land Unit of Output Product (Hectares) Labour (TO) (MP) 5 1 10 10 5 2 25 15 5 3 X 21 5 4 60 14 5 5 73 13 5 6 82 Y Which pair of the following answers is appropriate for themissing information in the spacesmarked Xand Y? A. X= 20, Y= 6 B. X= 38, Y= 9 C. X= 46, Y= 9 D. X= 46, Y=14 E. X= 10, Y=10 49. The unemployment associatedwith a recession is called A. Voluntary B. Frictional C. Cyclical D. Structural E. Disguise 50. When total revenue is a t a maximum,marginal revenueis A. Constant B. Negative C. Zero D. Positive E. Maximum Economics 1986 1. Choice in economic life is necessitated by A. The need to construct scale of preference B. The opportunity cost of consumption C. Unlimitedwants D. Scarcity of economic resources 2. Which of these is the real cost of satisfying any want in the sense of the alternative that has to be foregone? A. Variable cost B. Opportunity cost C. Total cost D. Prime cost 3. Under normal circumstances the concept of consumer sovereignty implies that A. The consumer and not the producer owns the means of production B. The producer and not the consumer determines what is to be produced C. The consumer and not the producer determines what is to be produced D. Both the consumer and the producer determine what is to be produced 4. A firm is at its optimum size when A. It produces the greatest output at the minimumcost B. It has a motive to increase output C. Marginal cost equals marginal revenue D. Marginal cost is less than marginal revenue 5. The degree of specialization is limited by the A. Availability of specialized skills andmachinery B. Marginal cost exceeding marginal revenue C. Extent of themarket D. Disadvantage of standardization 6. Production in Economics can be defined as the A. Totality of producing, buying and consuming B. Transformation fo raw materials and services in order to provide ultimate utility C. Transformation of raw materials and services in order to makemaximumprofit D. Production of goods and services for consumption 7. A firm achieves least cost in production by substituting factors until A. Their factor prices are equal B. Their marginal-physical-products are each equal to their factor prices C. Theirmarginal-physical-products are each zero D. The ratio of their marginal-physical-products equals the ratio of their prices. 8. If a person receives a higher wage than would be necessary to induce him to work, he is said to be receiving A. Rent B. Profit C. Interest D. Period of training 9. Mobility of labour is NOT affected by A. Optimumsize of population B. Marriage and family C. Regulation trade unions D. Period of training 10. A country has a population distribution shown below: Aged Group in Years Corresponding Percentages Above 60 25 15- 60 60 0 - 14 15 The dependency ratio is A. 3 : 2B. 1 : 4 C. 2 :3 D. 2 :3E. `1 : 5 11. Population density refers to A. Densely populated urban centre B. The total area divided by the total population C. Densely populated rural areas D. The total population divided by the total area. 12. What fundamentally determines howmuch a consumer spends in a producer’s shop? A. Individual’s propensity to consume B. Level of his taxation C. Level of his income D. Individual’s taste or fashion 13. Which of the following statements describes a mixed economy? A. The government and the private sector interact in solving the basic economic problems B. The invisible hand solves the basic economic problems C. The government produces and distributes all goods and services D. Society answers the ‘what’, ‘how’, and ‘for whom’ questions only through the market system. 14. In drawing an individual’s demand curve for a commodity, which of the following is NOT kept constant? The A. Individual’smoney income B. Price for substitutes C. Price of complementary goods D. Price of the commodity under consideration 15. Given that beef and fish are substitutes, a rise in the price of beef relative to that of fish will A. Induce greater demand for beef B. Induce greater demand for fish C. Induce lower demand for fish D. Equate demands for beef and fish 16. The main function of pricemechanism is to A. Limit consumer demand B. Enable producers make profits C. Allocate scarce resources among competing ends D. Ensure consumer sovereignty Use the table below to answer 17 and 18 Market Demand Schedule for Commodity X 17. If the price of commodityX falls fromN40.00 toN3.00 what is the price elasticity of demand? A. 0.62 B. 0.73 C. 1.00 D. 1.50 18. The revenue accruing to the seller of commodityX as a result of a fall in price will A. Increase B. Fall C. First fall but will increase later D. Remain unchanged 19. Which of the following is an important function of prices in a market economy? A. Ensuring that resources are used in the most efficient manner B. Ensuring an equitable distribution of goods and services C. Ensuring that all industries are perfectly competitive in the long run D. Equating level of purchases with level of needs. 20. One major difference between monopoly and perfect competition is that A. the perfect competitor is a price taker while the monopolist determines his own output B. Homogeneity of purpose exists for the perfect competitor while non-homogeneity of purpose exists for the monopolist C. Sellers are located all over theworld in the case of perfect competition but sellers are located only in one country in the case of the monopolist D. There is free entry and exit in perfect competi tion but no free exit in monopoly 21. A producer sustains a loss in the short run if A. Marginal revenue is less than price B. Price is less than average cost C. Average variable cost is less than average cost D. Marginal cost is less than marginal revenue 22. Amonopolist will practise price discrimination in two markets if A. The cost of separating the markets is large B. The markets have different elasticities of demand C. There is free flowof information in the two markets D. There is a patent of the commodity 23. In the normal channels of distribution the breaking of bulk is performed by the A. Producer B. Wholesaler C. Retailer D. Consumer 24. The most important advantage of co-operative societies is A. Their high degree of democracy B. The increase in the cost ofmarketing C. That members are encouraged to savemoney D. The possibility of raising loans for the members 25. In a public company, shares are A. Sold to one person only B. Distributed freely C. Advertised to members of the public for subscription D. Disposed of by the Chief Executive 26. Which of the following is a characteristic of a private limited liability company? A. Its shares can be sold to the public B. The number of shareholders ranges from fifty to one hundred C. All shareholders have equal powers and responsibilities D. The number fo shareholders ranges from two to fifty 27. One of the advantages of a partnership over a sole proprietorship is that A. It is the most popular form of business organization B. The partner can easilywithdraw from the business C. It makes an increase in the capital of the business possible D. There is no limit to the number of people who may bring in capital 28. Which of the following is an external economy derived by a firm? A. Low cost opportunities enjoyed by being in a place where other producers concentrate B. Technical economies enjoyed by varying the factors of production C. Economies ofmanagement by putting administrators where they aremost efficient D. Marketing advantages attained through preferential treatment in the purchase and distribution of produce 29. Which of the following advantages of localization of industries may also be a disadvantage? A. External economies B. Concentration of industries and of people C. Development of organized markets D. Reduced cost of research 30. TheNigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry is A. Acommercial bank B. A development bank C. An industrial bank D. Amerchant bank 31. To control inflation, the monetary authorities of a country can A. Reduce taxes B. Advise government to increase its expenditure C. Engage in expansive monetary policy D. Engage in restrictive monetary policy 32. Which of the following is used by the Central Bank to control the rate of interest? A. Bill ofExchange B. Banker’s order C. Fixed deposit account D. Open market operation 33. Gresham’s lawin Economics shows that A. Bad money drives good money out of circulation B. Good money drives bad money out of circulation C. Goldmust be available tomaintain the value of paper money D. The price level varies directly with the quantity of money 34. Given that the cash reserve ratio is 10 percent, what is themaximum amount ofmoney that the banking system can create from an initial cash deposit of N1000.00? A. N100.00 B. N1 000.00 C. N9000.00 D. N10000.00 35. Themost important economic characteristic differenti ating commercial banks fromother financial institutions is their. A. Function as a safe and profitable store place for savings B. Role in financing balance of payments deficits C. Status as an intermediary between savers and borrowers D. Ability to create and destroy money 36. Deflation is a persistent fall in the general price level and is usually caued by A. A reduction in total demand B. An increase in government spending C. An increase in the money supply D. An increase in aggregate demand 37. Which of the following causes of inflation is related to demand-pull inflation? A. Lowproductivity on farms and in firms B. Poor storage facilities C. Poor distribution system D. Increase in government expenditure on construction 38. Which of the following isNOT a goal ofmodern budgets? A. The control of inflation B. The reduction in income inequlaity C. The shift of all resources from the private to the public sector D. Economic development 39. The best technical description of a progressive tax is a A. Taxwhich takesmoneyfromthe rich than from the poor B. More equitable tax than a regressive one C. Tax which takes higher proportion of extra naira received as income rises D. Tax which falls directly on those in the high income brackets. Economics 1987 40. Tax incidence is the analysis of A. How progressive a tax is B. How a tax is collected C. Howdistorting a tax is D. Who ultimately pays the tax 41. In International trade, country specializes in the produc tion of a commodityor group of commodities for which it has A. A buoyant market B. Plenty of rawmaterials C. The greatest relative advantage D. Executivemanpower 42. Balance of payments deficit in Nigeria CANNOT be solved by A. Importing more goods and services B. Devaluation of the currency C. Imposing import duties D. Imposing import bans on some commodities 43. The term, balance of trade, can be defined as the A. Relation between value of exports and value of imports over a given period of time B. Balance owed to the rest of the world in payment for imports C. Price paid for imports in terms of exports D. Relation between payments of all kinds made by a country to the rest of the world, over a given period of time. 44. The terms of trade is often measured by the ratio of the index of export prices A. Divided by the index of import prices multiplied by 100 B. Multiplied by the index of import prices C. Plustheindex ofimport pricesmultiplied by100 D. Minus the index of import prices 45. A society which forgoes present consumption A. Is forced to do so because of excessive consumption within the country in the post B. Is devoting new resources to new capital formation C. Is merely devoting resources to the replace ment of capital D. Expects to consume only that amount tomorrowwhich was forgone today 46. ECOWASwill enable the countries involved to achieve A. Comparative political advantage over other countries not in the region B. A large market for their products C. Military superiority over countries not in the region D. Lower the transportation cost of goods within the region 47. Which of the following methods ismost likely to lead to an increase rate of growth in the national economy? A. An increase in wages and profits B. An increase in consumer demand C. A greater fraction of the National Product going into investment D. A continuous rise in bank loans 48. The differences between the Gross Domestic Product and the Gross National Production is the A. Allowance for total depreciation B. Total interest payments C. Total tax and interest payments D. Net income from abroad 49.. Which of the following strategies will provide more employment opportunities for Nigerians? A. Investment in social services B. Industrialization C. Economic planning D. Eradication of illiteracy 50. Anation’s distribution of income shows A. The value of all goods produced in the economy B. Howincome is dividend among different groups C. Where the economy system is on its production possibility curve D. The consumption behaviour of the people 1. A production possibility curve shows A. How much of the resources of society are used to produce a particular commodity B. The rate of inflation C. The rate of unemployment in the economy D. The various combination of two commodities that can be produced 2. The study of the economic behaviour of individual decision-making units (consumers resources own ers and business firms) in a free-enterprise economy is known as A. Microeconomics B. Macroeconomics C. Production D. Indifference curve 3. Which of the following best describes the con cept of opportunity cost? A. Aspecialbargain or saleat belowmarketprice B. Costs for inputs tend to go up as we use more of them C. Goods that are not produced in order to produce more of another good D. A cost that constantly decreases 4. Market is defined as A. One geographical location where people meet to buy and sell B. The demand and supply of goods and services C. A group of people whose sole interest is to make profit D. Anyorganization at frameworkwhich links the buyers and sellers of a good or service. 5. The additional revenue obtained by using one more unit of a factor is called its A. Marginal product B. Additional product C. Marginal revenue product D. Average product 6. Labour productivity is defined as A. Output per man/hour B. Average output C. Themaximumnumber of hourworked D. Total level of output 7. Efficiency of labour is enhanced by A. Involvement in own family affairs B. Mechanization processes C. War against indiscipline D. Improved working condition and training 8. Average Fixed Cost is A. Average Total Cost less the sum of Average Variable Cost B. Half the sum of all costs C. Total Fixed Cost divided by the level of output D. Total Fixed Cost plusMarginal Cost 9. The residual of production which accrues to the ownership of land after all other expenses have been met is called A. Wages B. Rent C. Interest D. Profit 10. In the history of Economic Thought, the concept of Division of Labour is usually associated with A. David Richardo B. J. M. Keynes C. Adam Smith D. KarlMarx 11. The form of capital which is usually consumed or transformed into finished goods and services in the production process is called A. Industrial capital B. Social capital C. Fixed captal D. Circulating capital 12. The shut-down point fora firm in the short run is the output at which A. The price of the product is lowest B. Marginal Cost is not constant C. Average Variable Cost is not covered D. Average Cost isminimum 13. In the long run a firm will leave an industry if price A. Does not cover at least Average Total Cost B. Is not equal toMarginal Cost C. Is higher than Average Variable Cost D. Is not at least equal to the minimum of the Marginal Cost curve 14. In the process of shipping, Mr X whose salary per month does not exceed N200, finds that the price of a commodity he used to purchase with a fixed amount of N200 has nowrisen toN230. He therefore decides not to buy this commodity at all Mr X is thus affected by the A. Substitution effect of a price change B. Income effect of a price change C. Opportunity cost of a price change D. Inflation effect of a price change 15. Price can be defined as A. Arate of exchange B. Amedium of exchange C. The cost of a product D. The standard of accounting 16. In the operation ofmarket forces, the market is in equilibrium at the point where A. Demand and supply curves intersect in more than one point provided the market is cleared B. The excess in the market can be conve niently stored C. Excess demand is negative D. Demand and supply curves intersect 17. A shift in the demand curve, for a commoditywhen the supply curve is vertical will lead to a change in the A. Price only B. Quantity only C. Quality only D. Price and quantity 18. Given an original price ofN3.50 per kilogramof rice and a change in price of N1.40; and given the quantity purchased at the old price as 10kg and a change in quantity as 5 kg after the price change the elasticity is equal to A. 10.20 B. 3.57 C. 1.25 D. 0.80 19. For normal goods the income eleasticity of demand is A. Positive B. Negative C.Zero D. Infinite 20. In the diagram above, PS is the supply curve for a particular commodity, while OP is the price.Which of the following statements is correct? A. The quantity supplied is infinitely elastic B. When price is zero, the quantity supplied is infinite C. When price is infinite, the quantity supplied is zero D. The quantity supplied is indefinite Y P S O X Use the following information to answer questions 21 and 22 X, Y and Z are the only three consumers of a com modity. Their respective demand schedules for the commodity are as given below: Price Quantity Price Quantity Price Quantity # (Units) # (Units) # (Units) 0 24 0 15 0 40 2 15 2 10 2 30 5 10 5 5 5 15 10 0 10 2 10 5 21 The market demand curve for the commodity cuts the quantity axis when quantity is A. 75 units B. 35 units C. 7 units D. Not determinable from he schedules except when graphed 22. What is market demand for the commoditywhen price is N5 A. 65 units B. 40 units C. 30 units D. 20 units 23. If a good is an inferior good, then A. It is also necessarily a figgen good B. The quantity of the good demanded varies inverselywith its price C. Its income elastic of demand is negative D. The poor buy the good only out of habit 24. An increase in supplywill lower price unless A. Supply is perfectly inelastic B. Demand is perfectly elastic C. It is followed by an increase in demand D. Demand is highly inelastic 25. Which of the following is compatible with a firm in a purely competitivemarket? A. Demand is inelastic B. Demand is infinitely elastic C. Marginal Cost is falling D. Price is greater thanMarginal Cost grams above is the consumer surplus correctly shaded? A. I B. II C. III D. IV 27. What form of market is found in an imperfect competition where there are few buyers and many sellers? A. Oligopoly B. Monopoly C. Duopoly D. Oligopsony 28. To which of the following sectors do services belong? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D.Construction 29. The liability of the sole trade is A. Indeterminable B. Unlimited C. Transferable D. Limited 30. Which of the following is NOT a type of business ownership A. Debenture holding B. Private company C. Partnership D. Joint stock venture 31. Which of the following is a disadvantage of regional concentration of industries? A. Development of congested urban areas B. Existence of regional unemployment C. High cost of labour D. Immobilityof labour 32. A limited liability company is usually owned by A. An individual B. Agovernment C. Share-holders D. Two or more partners 33. Moneymarket differs from capital market in that it A. Dealswith short-term loanswhile capital market dealswith long-termfunds B. Deals with honey onlywhile capital market deals with capital aswell C. Is limited in scopewhile capital market is not D. Uses interest rateswhile capital market doesnot 34. The main reason for charging interest is to A. Reward entrepreneurial effort B. Redistribute profits C. Reward investors for present use of capital D. Mobilise more funds for development 35. In the keynesian model, A. The demand for money is inversely related to the rate of interest B. Investment is directly related tot he rate of interest C. Investment is not related to the rate of interest D. The demand for money is directly related to the rate in interest 36. If inflation is anticipated to continue, A. People will lose confidence in goods B. Lenderswill demand higher interest rates C. The growth of full-employment output will be accelerated D. People will want to holdmoremoney 37. Ad valorem taxmeans A. A certain percentage tax based on the value of the commodity B. A certain percentage tax based on the volume of the commodity C. A tax on the income of the consumer I II III IV X Y Z D. Payment of a tax on the profits made 38. In order to raisemore revenue for a certain period, government should impose higher taxes on goods whose demand is A. Elastic B. Inelastic C. Perfectly elastic D. Unitary elastic 39. A budget with a projected revenue in excess of its expenditure is said to be A. Balanced B. Surplus C. Deficit D. Inflationary 40. The money which government spends yearly for the maintenance of its schools is A. Used only for wages and salaries B. Part of the government’s capital expenditure C. Partofthegovernment’srecurrentexpenditure D. The government’s budget for its schools. 41. Which of the following applies to a commodity sold abroad at a price lower than that in theproducing country? A. Dumping B. Counter-trade C. Bilateral trade D. Trade liberalization 42. The rate of exchange between a domestic and a foreign currency is defined as the A. Terms of trade B. Domestic currency price of a unit fo the foreign currency C. Foreign currency price of gold D. Domestic currency price of gold 43. Which of the following best explains the structural changes in the population of a country? A. Positive changes in the size and ethnic composition of the population B. A decrease in the size of the population C. An increase in the birth rate which is higher than the decrease in the death rate D. Change in the age, sex and occupational composition of the population 44. Statistical information available in mostWestAfrican countries suggests that A. The marginal propensity to save is high B. The marginal propensity to consume is high C. The consumption pattern is negative D. There exists perfect correlation between con sumption and savings 45. Transfer payments are A. Transfer earnings B. Money transferred fromone country to another C. Unearned income D. Payment transferred fromone account to another 46. Capital consumption allowance refers to A. Personal consumption expenditure B. Indirect business taxes C. Depreciation of capital equipment D. expenditure on capital equipment. 47. The difference between personal income and personal disposable income is A. Personal income tax B. Investment income C. Personal savings D. Consumption expenditure 48. Frictional unemployment A. Is total unemployment minus structural B. Occurs when the unemployed are persons with specific training C. Occurs when the number of job seekers exceeds the number of vacancies. D. Occurs when people are changing jobs. 49. For the improvement of thewelfare of a people, a high production level is not enough because A. The have-nots deserve more than a fair share B. Equitable distribution is necessary C. Productive efficiency is vital D. Savings in the country must be guaranteed at more than 50 per cent of income earned. 50. Economic development is defined as A. Positive change plus growth B. Availability of more goods and services C. Outward shift of the production possibility curve D. Growth in the national income Economics 1988 1. Scarcity in economics means that A. Human wants are limitless B. The economy has very few resources C. The economy can scarcely produce anything D. Resources are limited in relation towants 2. Economics is often described as a sciences because A. Laboratory experiments are performed B. It makes use of controlled experiments C. It uses scientific methods to explain ob served phenomena and predict future events D. It makes use of fieldwork. 3. When a variable is associated with time period, it is A. Aflow B. Astock C. Circular D. Static 4. Ufuoma is a consumer. His scale of preference shows that he prefers a pair of shoes to a wrist watch; he prefers the wrist watch to a pair of trousers; he prefers the pair of trousers tot he pair of shoes. Thismeans that Ufuoma is A. Rational B. Consistent C. Inconsistent D. Transitive 5. Air is essential to life but commands no price! Diamond is not essential to life but commands a high price! This is the paradox of A. Thrift B. Value C. Abundance D. Scarcity 6. The average product of labour in a given period is obtained by dividing the A. Number of workers by the total product B. Total product by the number of hours actuallyworked C. Change in total product by the change in the total number ofworkers D. Total product by the number of workers 7. Developments outside a given firm which reduce the firm costs are called A. Internal economics B. External economics C. External diseconomics D. Optimumeffects 8. Which of the following BEST describes the products function” A. It indicates the best output to produce B. It relates naira inputs to naira outputs C. It relates physical outputs to physical inputs D. It indicates the best way to combine factors to produces any given output. 9. Atextile firm operates a plant in theNorth (where capital is expensive relative to labour) as well as a plant in the South (where labour is expensive relative to capital). In the diagram above, the Southern plant willminimize cost by combining labour and capital in the amounts indicated by A. P B. Q C. X D. Y 10. TheLawofDiminishingReturns begins tooperatewhen A. Total product begins to rise B. Total products begins to fall C. Marginal product begins to fall D. Marginal product begins to rise 11. Theassumption ofprofitmaximizationimplies thatprofits A. Is themost important consideration of thefirm B. Is the sole consideration of the firm C. Assumes an insatiable proportion in the instinct of management D. Is made in order to break-even 12. Total fixed cost measures the cost of A. All plant andmachinery B. All assets where quantity cannot be varied in the short run C. All assets upon which the firm has control D. Property owned by the firm 13. The output at which total revenue equals total cost is known as A. Profit-maximizingoutput B. Break-even level output C. Loss-minimizing output D. Least-cost output 14. The demand and supply equations for a commodity are given respectively as D= 20 -1/2P S = 8 - 1/4P Recalling that at equilibrium, D = S, the equilibrium price (P) and quantity (Q) can be obtained as A. P= 12, Q= 16 B. P= 14, Q= 10 C. P= 12, Q= 14 D. P= 16, Q= 12 15. A commodity is said to have a derived demand when the commodity A. And another have joint demand B. Is demanded because of what it can help to produce C. Is demanded for different purposes D. Has inelastic demand 16. If all goodswere free a rational consumer would consume A. An infinite amount of each good B. Theamount where marginal utilitybecame zero C. The same amount as when each good had a price D. The amount wheremarginal utilitywas the highest 17. Which of the following changes in equilibrium price and quantity is as a result of an upward shift in the market demand for a commodity? A. Both the price and the quantity fall B. The price rises and the quantity falls C. The price falls and the quantity rises D. Both the price and the quantity rise 18. One factor which influences the slope of a non-linear demand curve for a commodity is the A. Price of the commodity B. Quantity of the commodity demanded C. Availability of substitutes D. Availability of complements 19. Labour Capital P X Y Q P N O S R T Q Quantity Price If in the demand-supply diagram above the quantity supplied is OQ, then A. Pricewill beOP B. There will be excess demand of RT C. Pricewill beON D. Pricewill tend to rise 20. One of the characteristics of an imperfect market is A. A large number of buyers and sellers B. A lack of homogeneity of products C. An adequate awareness of market conditions by buyers and sellers D. The availability of substitutes 21. Total revenue is always equal to A. Marginal revenuemultiplied by the quantity sold B. Average revenue plus marginal revenue C. Marginal revenuemultiplied bymarginal cost D. Average revenue multiplied by the quantity sole. 22. If prices fall in a perfectly competitive industry, the firms in that industry, in the short run will A. Not decrease in number B. Keep output at the same level but make losses C. Reduce production D. Intensify the advertisement of their products 23. Which of the following is TRUE at the quantity of output whereAverage Cost (AC) per unit has reached its minimumlevel? A. AVC= FC B. MC =AC C. MC =AC D. AC =AFC 24. In the short run, themonopolistic competitor A. Alwaysmakes profit B. Always incurs a loss C. Always break-even D. May close down 25. Price leadership is A. A form of tacit collusion B. Used to explain price rigidity C. Illegal in Nigeria D. A form of overt collusion 26. The additional revenue obtained by using one more until of a factor is called A. Average product B. Marginal product C. Diminishing returns D. Marginal revenue product 27. In a public company, entrepreneurial functions are performed by the A. Workers B. Shareholders C. General manager D. Board of directors 28. Themost important limitations on the partnership as a form of business enterprises is the A. Implication for partners’ liability B. Legal limitation placed on the number of partners C. Difficulties arising from having two coordinate heads of afirm D. Fact that each partner regardless of the capital he contributes, must have the same voting rights 29. Under partnership, investors who have no desires to be actively involved in the day-to-day management of such organisations, are called A. Stockbrokers B. Sleeping partners C. Part-time investors D. Ordinarypartners 30. Localization of industries refers to the A. Tendency to concentrate industries in particular areas B. Sitting of industries in certain areas C. Deliberate policy of influencing location of industries generally D. Zoning of industries 31. Restriction on credit creation by commercial banks can be effected through A. An overdraft B. Loans and advances C. Demand deposits D. Liquidity ratio 32. Which of the following factors enhances the ability of commercial bank to createmoney? A. Reduction in the reserve ratio B. Leakage of cash out of the banking system C. Excess reserves D. Insistence on collateral security 33. In any economy, what is used as money is determined by A. Government acceptance of a commodity standard B. Government acceptance of an inconvertible paper standard C. Laws and customs D. Its use as a store of value 34. The rate at which money changes hands is known as the A. Rate of inflation B. Velocity of transaction C. Velocity of money D. Velocity of circulation 35. Merchant banks perform all the following functions EXCEPT A. Raising of capital for industry B. Provision of current account facilities C. Management of investment portfolios D. Provision of credit for overseas trade 36. Which of the following is a direct tax? A. Sales tax B. Purchase tax C. Export duties D. Property tax 37. Which of the following is a direct tax? A. Excise tax B. Corporate income tax C. Property tax D. Highway- 38. When a nation is experiencing balance of payments surplus, it is in a better position to A. Increase its foreign exchange reserves B. Increase its liabilities to foreigners C. Reduce its foreign exchange reserves D. Devalue its national currency 39. Which of the following is a good example of invisible item on balance of payments account? A. Shipping an aviation B. Export and imports C. Merchandise D. Bullion 40. Deficit financing ismostlyfacilitatedbytheexistence of A. Stock exchangemarket B. Commercial bank C. Central bank D. Capital market 41. The Malthusian theory of population predicts that growth in food production will A. Keep pace with population growth B. Be at a faster rate than population growth C. Be at a slower rate than population growth D. Bemore rapid than population growth in the development countries 42. If aggregate income isN500.00 and aggregate consumption is N400.00, thismeans that the average propensity to consume is A. 0.20 B 0.80 C. 1.25 D. 2.00 43. Which of the following items is subtracted when computing Gross National Product at factor cost, by the expenditure method? A. Consumption expenditure B. Indirect taxes C. Exports and property income from abroad, D. GrossDomestic Fixed Capital Formation 44. Which of the following occurs in the circular flowof economic activities with no leakages? A. Consumption equals saving B. Saving equals investment C. Imports equal exports D. National income equals national expenditure 45. In estimating the national income of a country, the three approaches usually adopted are the A. Expenditure, value-added and output B. Income, final product and output C. Expenditure, income and output D. Avoidance of double counting, final expenditure and value-added 46. If technology becomes less capital-intensive, it means A. An increase in the capital/labour ratio B. An increase in the labour/capital ratio C. Afall in the labour/capital ratio D. Increased unemployment 47. The most threatening problem for the less developed countries is A. The continual depletion of their soil fertility B. The rise of nationalism C. Population explosion D. Their indiference towards economics growth 48. An increase in an economy’s productive capacity implies A. An increase in the economy’s rate of capital replacement B. An increase in the economy’s capital stock C. A decrease in government spending D. An increase in government spending 49. Collectivism refers to the system of management of state enterprises in a A. Mixed economy B. Co-operative organization C. Capitalist economic system D. Socialist economy 50. The group of unemployed members of a community who are physically handicapped or disabled, is generally classfied under unemployment as. A. Frictional B. Cyclical C. Residual D. Hidden Economics 1989 1. In its simplified form, the circular flow of income concept refers to the A. Real flows in goods and services between the product and factor markets B. Monetary payments for goods and services produced by individual firms C. Transactions in goods and services and payments for such transactions between individual firms and households D. Money flows associated with transactions between individual firms and households 2. The need to construct a scale of preference is necessitated by A. The need to satisfy wants B. Scarcity and the need for choice C. Scarcity of resources D. Non-availability of factors of production 3. A shift in the production possibility frontier could result from A. The need to satisfy wants B. Scarcity and the need for choice C. Scarcity of resource D. Non-availability of factors of production 4. The primaryproblem of economics is A. To obtain a more equitable distribution of money income B. Production a given output with the lowest cost combination of factors of production C. Adoption of capital-intensive technology D. Increasing the quantity of the fixed factor of production 5. Efficiency in production involves A. Reducing the size of the work force B. Producing a given output with the lowest cost combination of factors of production C. Adoption the quantity of the fixed factors of production D. Increasing the quantity of the fixed factor of production 6. If X represents the factors of production and Y represents the factor price, which of the following sets of association is correct? A. (Land, rent), (capital, wage), (labour, profit), B. (Land, interest), (capital, profits), (labour, wage), C. (Land, wage), (capital, interest), (labour, rent), D. (Land, rent), (capital, interest), (labour, wage). 7. If the cost of production for a firm continues to increase as its output rises, the firm is said to be experiencing A. Large-scale production B. Profitmaximization C. Economies of scale D. Diseconomies of scale 8. Given perfect competition in the capital market, the opportunity cost of capital is adequately reflected by the A. Interest rate B. Returns on capital C. Alternative capital foregone D. Shadowrice of foreign exchange 9. If at 10k per kg, 1000kg of yam were purchased and a t 5k per kg, 1,500 kg were purchased, the resultant point elasticity of demand is A. 0.33 B. 0.0001 C. 1 D. 10 000 10. If, as the price of a commodity rises, the quantity demanded of the commodity remains the same, then the demand for the commodity is A. Static B. Infinitely elastic C. Externallydetermined D. Perfectly inelastic 11. In the diagram above what happens when the minimumwage is fixed atOW? A. Unemployment is reduced B. Unemployment results C. The demand schedule will shift D. The supply schedule will become steeper 12. If the curve above shows the relationship between the price of commodityX and the quantity demanded fo commodityY, then X and are A. Complementary goods B. Substitutes C. Inferior goods D. Luxury goods 13. Which of the following factors is an important determinant of the magnitude of price elasticity of demand? A. The production period B. Cost of storage C. Durability of the product D. Availability of factors of production 14. The marginal theory of distribution makes an asser tion that the price of any factor depends upon its marginal A. Utility B. Productivity C. Rate of substitution D. Revenue 15. In order to increase its profit margin, themonopolist canmanipulate A. Both price and output B. Either price or output C. Only it price D. Only its output 16. For a purely competitive industry, a fundamental requirement of the demand curve faced by individual firms is that it should be A. Downward sloping and price inelastic B. Perfectly price elastic C. Downward sloping but price inelastic D. Perfectlyprice inelastic S S D D W 0 Labour Wages Price of X 0 Quantity demanded of Y 17. Themerging of firms engaged in different stages of production and marketing is called A. External economies of scale B. Vertical integration C. Horizontal integration D. Economic union 18. Which of thefollowing is an important function ofthe retailer? A. Grants credit to the wholesaler B. Breaks bulk and sells products in small units C. Reduces cost of distribution D. Generates demand for products through advertisement 19. Q(ton) 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 TC(N) 16000 1800019800 21000 24000 31500 4000 TR(N) 2000 2250024000 24500 2450018000 15000 The table above gives the various levels of output (Q) and its corresponding total cost of production (TC) and total revenue (TR) for a firm. Which output level Qresults in maximumprofit? A. 400 B. 500 C. 600 D. 700 20. One ofthe purposesof advertisement in marketing is to A. Change the quality of the product B. Raise the quantity of the product demanded as its price falls C. Shift thedemand curvefor the product tothe right D. Raise production costs 21. The size of a business unit tends to be small if theactivity A. Involves mass production of goods B. Requires a large capital C. Requires division of labour D. Involves the provision of direct services 22. Which type of business organization has the attribute of effectively combining management with control? A. Sole proprietorship B. Partnership C. Limited liability company D. Co-operatives 23. The co-operatives as a form of business organization differs from partnership by having A. Several sources of capital for business financing B. Ability to issue preferred stocks to members C. Entrenched democratic control in the conduct of business D. Established rules and regulations governing the activities of itsmembers. 24. The type of business finance that entitles the holder to a fixed rate of dividend is A. Preferred stock B. Common stock C. Debenture D. Bank loan 25. Which of the business organizations listed below is characterized by limited authority and liability of the individual owners? A. Sole proprietorship B. Partnership C. Joint Stock companyD. Co-operative society 26. A company is said to be highly geared if the A. Value of fixed interest loans is high compared with share capital B. Value of share capital is high comparedwith fixed interest loans C. Dividend rate is high D. Interest rate is high 27. Industries that can berandomlylocated arecharacterized by A. Relatively low transport cost for both raw materials and output and factor mobility B. Relatively heavy transport cost for raw material or output C. Constant returns to scaled D. Significant economy of scale 28. The term ‘double coincidence’ of wants is usually associated with a A. Bilateral exchange mechanism B. Monetary exchange mechanism C. Stock exchange system D. Barter exchangemechanism 29. A major factor affecting the value ofmoney is the A. Price level B. Banking habit C. Transaction motive D. Divisible nature ofmoney 30. Cost-puch inflation is caused by A. Growth of government expenditure B. Increase in factor prices C. Increase in money supply D. Hoarding 31. The stock exchange market iswhere A. Businessmen borrowsome capital B. The federal government trades on treasury bills C. Existing bonds and stocks are traded D. New stocks and shares are bought or sold 32. Commercial bank reserves at the Central Bank have the effect of A. Controlling credit and money supply B. Discouraging banking operations C. Advancing trade prospects D. Reducing bank frauds 33. A tax is defined as regressive if A. The proportion of income paid as tax increase as the income level increases B. All income groups pay the same percentage their income as taxes C. The proportion of income taken by the tax falls as income increase NB. The company is said to be low - geared i f the reverse situation ap plies D. The proportion of income taken by the tax is a fixed nominal amount of income fr all income groups 34. Government intervention in an economy is often justified on the on the ground that A. Wants are unlimited while resources are scarce B. Productivity is higher in the public than in the private sector C. Freemarket maynot work or produce desire results D. Opportunity cost of government expenditure is zero 35. The three major groups of government revenue are A. Investments income, direct tax and indirect tax B. Import duties, excise tax and export duties C. Company tax, personal income tax and import duties D. Company tax, import duties and excise tax 36. Themain objectives ofpublic expenditures doesNOT include A. Stabilization of national economy B. Achievement of a more equitable income distribution C. Meeting the social heeds of the people D. Revenue sharing and profitmaximization. 37. A perfect example of a public good is A. Air B. Education C. Defence D. transport 38. A balanced budge is defined as a condition of A. Balance of payments equilibrium B. Equality of aggregate demand and aggregate supply C. Equality of planned receipts and planned expenditure D. Equality of planned exports and planned imports 39. ITEM AMOUNT (Million Naira) Visible exports 55.54 Visible imports 53.32 Invisible exports 30.56 Invisible imports 28.70 Balance 4.08 The amount, N4.08million, shown as balance in the table above represents A. Terms of payments B. Balance on current account C. Balance of trade D. Terms of trade 40. By using exchange controls, a country tries to eliminate a balance of payments deficit by A. Limited her imports to its currency value of exports B. Reducing the nations domestic price level C. Limiting her exports to its currency value of imports D. Overvaluing the country’s currency 41. The lawof comparative advantage states that a country should spcializein the production of a commodity A. For which local demand is greatest B. In which its opportunity cost is lower than that of the trade partner C. For which foreign demand is greatest D. For which there is abundant supply of raw materials 42. Internationaland inter-regionaltradediffer primarily because. A. comparative advantage is relevant to the former but not the latter. B. products flow across national boundaries C. there are different resources supplies among countries of the world D. of regulation fromGATT. 43. Optimum population is the population level at which A. Death rate is at aminimum B. Per capita income is at maximum C. Population is at a miximum D. Death rate is equal to birth rate 44. The group of people engaged in banking or insurance services by occupational distributions are claasified as A. Primary producers B. Secondary producers C. Tertiary producers D. Technical producers 45. The difference between gross national product and net national product is equal to A. Gross investment B. Net investment C. Net foreign income D. Capital depreciation 46. The value of the total output produced within Nigeria by all residents (citizens and non-citizens) is referred to as the A. Gross national product B. Disposable income C. National income D. Gross domestic product 47. Themultiplier is defined as A. The ratio of the change in income to the change in investment B. The change in investment dividend by the change in income C. 1 D. 1 (1-MPS) (MPC) 48. If C stands for consumption expenditure, I for investment, X for exports, andMfor imports, then national income is A. C + I+ X+M B. C + I+X- M C. C+ I - X +M D. C+ I + X 49. A sustained increase in the per capita income of a country over a period of time is called A. Economic growth B. Economic development C. Structural change D. Stagflation 50. The primary goal of development planning in Nigeria is to A. Increase profitability of enterprises B. Achieve a rapid increase in the welfare and standard of living ofNigerians C. Increase the level of gross domestic product D. MakeNigeria a super-power Economics 1990 1. If one orange costs 20k and one kilogram of beef costs N10.00, the opportunity cost of one kilogram of beef is A.50 orange B. 10 orange C. 5 orange D. N9.80 2. In economiclife.Choiceamong alternative dependson the A. Income of the decision make B. Scarcity of resources C. Scale of preference of the decision maker D. Status of the decision maker Use the diagram below to answer question 3 and 4 Asimple circular flowof income diagram 3. The flowlabelled Y refers to A. Real income B. Factor payments C. Factors input D. National income 4. The lower half of the diagram indicates A. The flow of goods and services B. Payment for goods and services C. The flow income D. Government transaction 5. One of the major advantage of specialization is that A. The worker becomes a tender of machines B. It causes more employment of labour C. Less machinery is required for production D. The worker waster less time between operation 6. Which of the following reward is associated with entrepreneurship as a factor of production? A. Salaries B. Profits C. Interests D. Rent 7. A firm achieves least-cost in production by substitu tion factors until A. Their prices are equal B the ratio of their marginal-physical-products equals the ratio of their prices C. Their marginal-physical-products are each equal to their factor prices D. Their marginal-phsical-products are each equal to zero 8. Economics of scale operate only when A. Marginal cost is falling with input B. Average cost is falling with output C. Fixed cost is variable D. Variable cost is less than fixed cost 9. At the point of profitmaximization by a firm,marginal cost is A. Minimum B. Falling C. Constant D. Rising 10. A Situation in which all inputs are doubled and output also doubles is known as A. Constant proportion B. Constant returns C. Increasing returns to scale D. Constant returns to scale 11. Thedemand curvewould shift tothewhen there is a rise in A. Constant proportions B. Constant returns C. Increasing returns to scale E. Constant returns to scale 12. The lawof diminishingmarginal utility indicates that if a consumer increase his consumption of a commodity continously his A. Total utilitymust fall B. Marginal utilitymust fall C. Marginal utility may rise even though his total utility is falling D. Marginal utility may fall even though his total utilitymay be rising 13. Technical progress that leads to reduction in costs result in A. An increase in equilibrium price and quantity B. A decrease in equilibrium price and quantity C. An increase in equilibrium price and de GOODS AND SERVICES PAYMENT FOR GOODS AND SERVICES BUSINESS FIRM AND GOVERNMENT HOUSE HOLD Y crease inequilibriumquantity D. A decrease in equilibrium price and increase in equilibrium quantity 14. If an increase in income induces a reduction the demand for beans, beans can be referred to as A. Anormal good B. An inferior good C. A substitute D. A giffen good 15. Thedemand for a product is said to be price inelastic if A. The price elasticity of demand is less than one B. The price elasticity of demand is greater than one C. Areduction in price results in an increase in quantity demanded D. An increase in price result in a decrease in the quantity demanded 16. Which of the following graphs represents the price quantity relationship between tea and lemon, if they are perfect complements? 17. In the below diagram, RTX, are the marginal cost and the average cost curve respectively of a perfectly competitive firm. The supply curve of the firm is indicates by A. TX B. RT C. ST D. TY 18. An imperfect market in which there is only one buyer of a commodity is A. Monopsony B. Oligopoly C. Monopoly D. Duopoly 19. The tailoring service is competitive partly because it consists of a large number of A. Large-scale enterprises B. Medium scale enterprise C. Small scale enterprises D. Government-owned enterprises 20. Which of the following is applicable to a monopolistic firmoperating at the output where marginal cost equals marginal revenue? A. Cost of production is at a minimum B. The plant is of optimum size C. Price is above marginal revenue D. Average variable cost is at a minimum 21. Which of the following is the major function of the wholesaler? A. Bulk breaking B. Provision of useful information to the manufacturer on products C. Provision of after sales service to consumers D. Provision of warehousing facility 22. In the distribution channels for goods and services, the middleman’s mark-upmargin provides a rough measure for the A. Quantity discount allowed final consumers B. Reward for business entrepreneurship C. Effectiveness of government control over economy’smarketing channels D. Extent of exploitation of the final consumer 23. Which of the following reasons could induce a manufacturer to by pass the wholesaler in the distribution chain? A. To provide the quantity needed by retailers B. To collect usefully information on his product C. To provide ware housing facilities D. To violate government regulation on distribution 24. A major difference between a state-owned enterprise and private enterprise is that the former A. Is not expected to cover its cost of produc tion while the latter is B. Is not always expected to maximize profits while the 33 later is C. Has shareholders while the latter does not D. Has a board of directions while the latter does not 25. Divorceof ownershipfromcontrol is a characteristicof A. Sole proprietorship B. Alimited liability company C. Partnership D. A private limited company 26. Capital provided by individuals to the firm by purchasing stocks is called A. Debt capital B. Fixed capital C. Circulating D. Equity capital 27. Which of the following factors is the most important in siting a petro-chemical plant? A. Nearness to the source of raw materials B. Nearness tot he source of power C. Availability of labour D. Proximityof financial institutions 28. Which of the following will be the effect of allowing only economic factors to dictate the location fo industries in Nigeria? A. A more even development of the different parts of the country will be assured A. P (tea) Q (lemon) C. P (ea) C. P (ea) Q (lemon) A. P (tea) B. Q (lemon) C. P (ea) C. P (ea) D. Q (lemon) S X R T O Q Y B. There will be an unbalance spread in the distribution of industries C. The less developed parts of the country will be able to attract more industries D. Only the government will be able to finance the establishment of industries 29. If the same basket of goods which cost N12.00 in 1985 cost N15.00 in 1987 is A. 25 B. 80. C. 100 D. 125 30. Which of the following is like to be inflationary? A. Tax increase B. Increase in unemployment C. Budget surplus D. Wage increases 31. The basic purpose of imposing legal reserve require ments on commercials banks is to A. Assure the profitability of commercial banks B. Provide a device through which credit creation by bankscan be controllled C. Provide a proper ratio between earning and non-bank assets D. Provide the Central Bank with with working Capital 32. Find the total credit that the banking system can create if primary deposits is just N100.00 while the cash ratio is 20% A. N700.00 B. N600.00 C. 500.00 D. N400.00 33. Whichof thefollowingisa liabilityofa commercialbank? A. Deposits in the bank B. Loans made by the bank to individuals C. Loans made by the bank to other banks D. Bonds purchased by the bank 34. Atax on a commoditywhose supplyis perfectlyinelastic is A. Shifted completely on the consumer B. Completely borne by the supplier C. Divide in the ratio 60:40 between the consumer and the supplier D. Divided half-and-half between the producer and the consumer Use the figure to answer question 35. The relationship between tax rate and income which is relevant to a progressive tax is shown by A. CurveX B. CurveY C. Curve Z D. CurveX and Z 36. The relationship between tax rate and income which is relevant to a proportional tax is depicted by A. Curves Z and Y B. Curve X C. Curve Z D. Curve Y 37. Under a system of freely floating exchange rate, an increase in the international value of a country (s)currencywill cause A. Its exports to rise B. Its imports to rise C. Gold to flow into that country D. Its currency to be in surplus 38. Balance or trade is te difference between A. Exports and imports of goods and service B. Capital inflows and capital outflows C. Visible and invisible balances D. Exports an imports of goods 39. Which of the following is likely to reduce a surplus in the balance of payments of a country? A. Devaluation B. Increased tarrif on imports C. Export promotion D. Currency appreciation 40. Which of the following is a tariff? A. Limit on the amount of good which can be imported B. Interest rate on foreign loans C. Government payment to domestic producers for exports D. Tax on imported goods 41. Import duties will increases total expenditure on imports if the demand for imports is A. Elastic B. Inelastic C.Infinitely elastic D. Derived 42. Which of the following is likely to hinder labour mobilityin Nigeria? A. Higher wages elsewhere B. Cultural similarities C. Good accommodation D. Ignorance of job opportunities elsewhere 43. If birth rate is constant and death rate declines, population A. Falls B. Expands C. Stabilizes D. Oscillates 44. If the government invests the sum of N1 000.00 and themarginal propensity to consume is 0.75, what it the change in income? A. N1000 000.00 B. N4000 000.00 C. 6000 000.00 D. N14 000 000.00 45. The system ofmeasurement of national income as the sumof all final demands is called A. Income approach B. Expenditure approach C. Is payable tot he disabled members of the community D. Accrues tot he environmental sanitation authorities for refuse 46. Disposable income is an income which A. Is available for consumption and savings X Z Y O B. Pensioners receive from the government C. Is payable tot he disabled members of the community D. Accrues to the environmental sanitation authorities for refuse disposal 47. In equilibrium, injections are equal to A. Withdrawals B.Surplus of imports over exports C. Government spending D. Wages 48. Social overhead capital refers to A. Balanced growth B. Gross investment C. The building of infrastructures D. Capital formation 49. Themost common index usedformeasuringdevelopment is A. The level of literacy B. Per capita income C. Nutritional level D. Population growth rate 50. Agriculture is central toNigeria’s economic develop ment because A. Nigeria’s comparative advantage liesmainly in agro-allied industries B. Agriculture is the largest employer of labour C. Agriculture accounts for an insignificant domestic product D. Nigeria earns limitless goreign exchange from agriculture Economics 1991 1. In market economy, the question of what, how and for whom to produce are solved by the A. Elected representatives of the people B. Planning committee C. Pricemechanism D. Government 2. Economic goods are termed scarce goodswhen they are A. Not available insufficient quantities to satisfy all wants for them B. Not produced in sufficient quantities to satisfy the effective demand them C. Of high quality D. Of primaryimportance in satisfying the needs of a society 3. Aschool girl who needs a book and mirror, each costing five naira, decides to purchase the book instead of the mirror since she cannot pay for the two at the same time. Determine the real cost of her books A. The five naira she spent on the book B. Five naira real cash value C. Themirror D. The book 4. Macroeconomics is a study of economic science from the point of view of A. Resource markets or production units B. Individual producers of consumers C. Aggregate or general economy D. Companies or individual firms 5. In combining inputs x and y the entrepreneur obtains themaximum output from a given money outlaywhen A. Px = Py Mpx Mpy B. Mpx = Mpy Px Py C. Px.MPx=Py.MPy D. Px.Py=MPx.MPy 6. If units of a variable factor are increasingly added to a fixed factor and the marginal physical product keeps increasing, production is said to be taking place under condition of A. Increasing returns to the variable factor B. Increasing returns to scale C. Constant returns to the variable factor D. External economies of scale 7. At any given level of output, the total cost of a firm equals the A. Marginal cost plus the average cost B. Fixed costs less its variable cost C. Average cost multiplied by its output D. Economic costs multiplied by variable costs. 8. At any given level of output, a firm’s total variable cost equals A. Total cost less marginal cost B. Total cost less total fixed cost C. Total cost less average cost D. Average variable cost and marginal variable cost 9. Consider the following diagramwhereXYZ repre sent the average cost curve of a firm. XY shows that as output increases the average cost declines. However, this decline cannot continue indefinitely because of A. Managerial economies B. Indivisibilities C. The extent of themarket D. The pooling of dissimilar risks 10. If the price of a ball point pen falls fromN1.00 toN0.60 and the quantity demanded increases from 200 to 300, the point elasticity of demand is equal to. A. 1.25 B. 0.80 C. 0.50 D. 0.40 X Y Z O 11. If a society is operating on the production possibility curve, this implies that the resources are A. Fully and efficiently utilised B. Fully but inefficiently utilised C. Efficiently but not fullyutilised D. Abundant 12. Amarket is in disequilibriumif A. The quantity purchased is greater than the quantity sold B. The quantity sold differs from the quantity purchased C. At a lower price, a larger quantity is sold D. The quantity demanded differs from the quantitysupplied Use the diagram below to answer questions 13 and 14, 13. The excess profit made by the firm in the short-run is represented by A. ORTZ B. OPVY C. QRTW D. ORSX 14. The long-run equilibrium price and quantity for the firmare respectively A. OP, OY B. OR,OZ C. OR, OX D. OQ, OZ 15. The cross-elasticity of demand between complemen tary goods is A. Unitary B. Positive C. Zero D. Negative 16. Resources are efficiently allocated when production takes place at that output where price equals A. Marginal revenue B. Average variable cost C. Marginal cost D. Total cost 17. Comparison of the price and output decisions of a perfectly competitive firmwith those of a monopolist shows that the A. Monopolist charges a lower price than the perfect competitor B. Perfect competitor charges a lower price and produces a larger output than the monopo list C. Perfect competitor produces a smaller output than the monopolist D. Monopolist charges a lower price and produces a larger output than the perfect competitor. Q (tons) 600 700 800 900 1000 TC(#) 6800 8700 8400 9600 1100 MC (#/ton) 10 6 12 14 18. Consider the table above showing output (Q), total cost (TC) of production and marginal cost (MC) for a firmin a competitivemarket. Suppose price (P) =N12, what is the maximumprofit the firmcan make? A. N2 000.00 B. N1 200.00 C. N1 000.00 D. N400.00 19. In a perfectly competitivemarket, the firm is in longrun equilibrium at the output where A. Marginal cost isminimum B. Average cost isminimum C. Total revenue is maximum D. Marginal revenue ismaximum Use the diagram below to answer questions 20 to 22 20. The firmportrayed is selling in A. Apurely competitivemarket B. Amarket inwhichdemand iselasticatallprices C. An imperfectly competitivemarket D. Amarket in which companies produce homogeneous commodities 21. Demand is relatively inelastic A. At P2 range B. In the P2 P4 price range C. At P3 only D. At any prices below P2 22. Which of the following statements must hold if price discrimination is to be possible? A. Elasticities in thevariousmarketsmust not differ B. The seller must recognise C. The markets must not be separated but integrated D. The markets should be separable but there should be no resale 23. The ordinary partner in a partnership A. Takes noactive parti inmanagementofthe business B. haslimited liabilityincaseof businessfailure C. Hasunlimited liabilityin caseofbusinessfailure D. Cannot be sued personally on matters relating to the business 24. A possible factor which limits the extent of growth of a firm is the A. Existence of a monopoly B. Bureaucratic delays in decision-making C. Use of by-products D. Unwillingness to share ownership and control R S T V W X Y Z Q price MR = AR P Quantity MC AC MR = AR = P 25. One of the most outstanding disadvantage of cooperative societies as business organization is that A. True spirit of co-operation is marred by delegated authority B. Members show much interest C. It is poorly financed D. Membership interest is centered on sharing of essential commodities 26. A disadvantage of a join-stock company is A. Unlimited liability B. Limited liability C. Continuity D. Loss of controlling interest 27. A characteristic of a debenture is that A. Its yield is based on profits B. Its yield is a fixed rate of interest C. It has no redemption date D. There is a voting when interest is paid 28. Industries tend to be located closer to market centres than to the sources of major raw materials if the A. Products are relatively cheap to transport to market centres B. Products are relativelymore expensively to transport are relativelymore expensive to transport than the major rawmaterials C. Rawmaterials are bulky D. Rawmaterials can also be imported 29. One disadvantage of trade by barter is that A. People are happier when they exchange the same quantities of goods through the medium ofmoney rather than by baster B. The person wishing to buy good X may not have good Y which is what the other person wants C. One person must always be cheated when trade takes place by barter D. It increase the initial cost of producing goods 30. One of the functions of Development Banks is to A. Mint money for the development of the economy B. Provide short-termloans to commercial banks C. Providemediumand long-termfinance for development of the banking system D. Providemediumand long-termfinance for the development of the economy 31. To perform its function as a store of wealth and standard for deferred payment, moneymust be A. Portable B. In attractive form C. Stable in value D. Spent more on capital goods than on consumer goods 32. Fiduciary issue is that part of A. The issue of notes backed entirely by gold B. A country’s currency which is not negotiable C. The issue of notes not backed by gold D. A country’s currency officially issued 33. An effect of inflation is that is A. Discourages trade by barter B. Favours debtors at the expense fo creditors C. Increases the real income of salary earners D. Increases the value of a country’s exports 34. Banks aid economic expansion and development by A. Being very strict in lending policies B. Mobilizing savings for investment lending C. Paying interest on deposit accounts D. Charging high interest on loans 35. The term‘Stock ofCapital’ means A. Amount ofmoney necessary to start a business B. Total amount receiveable by all factors of production C. Amount of equipment plant and inventory existing at a time D. Totalamount availablefor economicdevelopment 36. A tax that takes an increasing fractional of income as income goes down is called A. Conditional B. Regressive C. Progressive D. Proportional 37. Budget deficit is the amount bywhich A. Total expenditure exceeds revenue B. Recurrent expenditure exceeds revenue C. Capital expenditure exceeds revenue D. Recurrent expenditure exceeds capital expenditure 38. The average tax rate is defined as A. Total tax rate less themarginal tax rate B. The tax rate which applies to additional value of income C. The ratio of total taxes paid to total income D. Marginal tax rate for being progressive 39. Personal distribution of income implies A. The way income is distributed among specific households or spending units B. The distribution of income according to basic resource classes C. Dividing income according to industries D. Dividing income between personal taxes consumption expenditures and savings 40. One of the advantages of international trade is that is A. Increases world output B. Encourages economic independence among nations C. Restricts spread of technical knowledge D. Promotes self-reliance and satisfaction with only what can be produced internally 41. There is an improvement in the terms of trade of a country if A. A large quantity of exports is given up to obtain a unit of imports B. The volume of exports is greater than the volume of imports C. A smaller quantity of exports is given up to obtain a unit of imports D. The value of exports is greater than the value of imports 42. Under flexibleexchange rates, a deficit could becorrected by A. Freezing the gold point B. Appreciation of other currencies C. Removing export subsidies D. Removing tariffs 43. The higher the dependency ratio the A. Larger the proportion o f the employed relative tot he unemployed B. Smaller the proportion of the active labour force relative to the inactive C. Smaller the number of the non-working age groups relative to the active labour force D. Lower the birth rate 44. The age distribution of a country’s population is of economic importance because it affect the A. Pattern of expenditures B. Size of the army C. Optimumsize of firms D. Location of industries 45. It is important tomeasure theNational Income of a country because A. It is a major determinant of the standard of living B. It reveals hazards of development like pollution and congestion C. It reveals the distribution of the citizens’ savings in foreign banks D. Its size determines the extent of political stability 46. TheGrossDomesticProduct is defined as the total value of A. All final goods and services produced in a country during the year B. All assets of a country in a particular year C. Exports net of total value of imports D. All receipts. 47. Stage of Value of SaleValue Product Input of Output Maize farmer - N10.00 Flourmiller N10.00 N12.00 Baker N12.00 N15.00 Shop keeper N15.00 N20.00 The value of total output in the economy using the value added approach is A. N57.00 B. N37.00 C. N20.00 D. N15.00 48. IfWstands for wages/salaries, P for profit, R for interest and Z for rent on land and real estate, then national income is A. W- P - R - Z B. W+ P + Z - R C. P - R - Z + W D. W+ P + R + Z 49. In the national income and product accounts, double counting is avoided if A. Only final goods are counted B. Only intermediate goods are counted C. Only intermediate and final goods are counted D. The value of all goods and services are added together 50. A major obstacle to economic development is A. A rise in industrial output B. Lowfarm productivity C. Free trade D. Ineffective trade unions Economics 1992 1. Which of the following situations can give rise to economic problems? A. Unlimited human wants B. Wants of varying importance C. Limitedmeans available for satisfying wants D. Means used in different ways. 2. Scale of preference refers to A. Consumers preference for luxurious goods B. The household monthly income C. List of goods and services in order of priority D. Budget preparation without paying due regard to priority 3. For an economy which last year produced only two commodities X and Y, the real cost of the quantity of X which it produced can be measured by the A. Amount of X it could not produce B. Amount of Y it produced C. Total amount ofYit could have produced D. Extra amount ofY it could have produced 4 which of the following is applicable in a wholly capitalist economy? A There is government intervention in price determination. B. consumer sovereignty does not exist. C. The pricemechanism allocates resources. D households cannot freely decide what to spend on goods and service. 5 Age group( years) Distribution ( %) Above 60 30 15- 60 45 0 - 14 25 The estimated dependency ratio of the population distribution shown above is A. 11: 9 B. 9 : 11 C. 7: 3 D. 3: 7 6. Population Food Production (Million) (million tonnes) 50 220 70 210 90 225 100 275 In the data above, what is the optimum population is million? A. 50 B. 70 C.90 D. 100 7. Themajor objective of the current campaign for family planning in Nigeria is to A. Reduce the death rate B. Limit the number ofwomen aman canmarry C. Keep the population growth rate constant D. Raise the standard of living of the popula tion 8. The migration of young people from rural to urban areas in Nigeria should help to raise the A. Standard of living in the urban areas B. Total productivity of labour in the rural areas C. Marginal productivity of labour in the rural areas D. marginal productivity of labour in the urban area 9. By definition, variable cost (VC) is related to total costs (TC) and fixed cost (FC) by the equation. A. VC=TC+FC B. VC=TC-FC C. VC=TC/FC D. VC= (TC)(FC) 10. The higher the price fo capital relative tot he price of labour, the more production techniques should be A. Labour-intensive B. Capital-intensive C. Fixed D. Technology-intensive Use the following production and cost data of a profit-maximizing firm to answer questions 11 and 12 Unit of Total Total Total Total Output Fixed Variable Input Cost Cost 0 0 100 0 1 3 100 100 2 8 100 124 3 16 100 172 4 20 100 190 5 22 100 200 Calculate the marginal physical product of the last unit of input A. 0 B. 2 C. 4 D. 10 11. At what level of input has diminishing marginal returns set in? A. 3 B. 16 C. 20 D. 22 13. The U-shape of the long-run average cost curve can be experience by the A. Lawof increasing returns B. Law of constant returns C. Lawof diminishing returns D. Concepts of economics and diseconomics of scales 14. Quantity of Short-run Singlets total costs(N) 0 1000 10 1200 20 1400 30 1600 40 1800 The short-run total costs for different level of output for a firm producing singlets are shown above. Calculate the variable cost per unit at an output of 20 A. N1000 B. N 400 C. N 70 D. N 20 15. The price mechanism ismore effective in achieving efficient performance of the economy than the planning mechanism because of the A. Role of supply and demand B. Role ofmaterial incentive C. Existence of buyers and sellers D. Role of money 16. If demand is relatively inelastic and sellers are able ro raise the price of their commodity, then there will be a A. Fall in both quantity demanded and total revenue B. Fall in the quantity demanded and a rise in total revenue C. fall in the quantitydemanded and a rise in marginal revenue D. rise in both the quantity demanded and the marginal revenue 17. 18. If in the graph above, it is assumed that the price is initially P1, it can be deduced that price will A. Fall because there is a surplus B. Remain constant because it is the equilibrium D S O Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 QC P1 PC PO Quantity Price price C. Rise because there is a shortage D. Double 19. In the diagram above, the profit maximizing output is A. Q1while 1 =AC and II =MC B. Q1while 1=MCand II =AC C. Q2while 1 =MC and II =AC D. Q3while 1 =AC and II =MC 20. Afirm with marginal cost equal to its marginal revenue will producewill produce the equilibrium output if it is in A. Pure competition only B. Prue monopoly only C. Monopolistic competition only D. Any type of market 21. An important function for the retailer is to A. Grant credit tot hewholesaler B. Break bulk and sell products in small units C. Reduce cost of distribution D. Generate demand for products through advertisement 22. The main handicap of sole proprietorship is A. Limited liability B. Lack of technical know-how C. Lowprofit margin D. Inadequate capital 23. The type of business organization mostly used for producing public goods in Nigeria is A. Sole proprietorships B. Limited liability companies C. Co-operative societies D. Statutory corporations. 24. Themain reason for the current programme of privatization and commercialization of public enter prises in Nigeria is to A. Reduce public expenditure B. Encourage efficiency in the performance of such enterprises C. Reduce the number of public enterprises D. Raise the prices of goods and services produced by the enterprises 25. The types of business finance that entitles the holder to a fixed rate of dividend is A. Preferred stock B. Common stock C. Debenture D. Bank loan 26. Farmer’s incomemay fall if theyproducemore cash crops for export because A. Foreign demand is inelastic B. The price of the crops will rise C. Of domestic currency depreciation D. Of export duties 27. Under theNigerian structural adjustment programme, themarketing of agricultural commodities in Nigeria has been placed under A. Themarketing boards B. The commodity boards C. The river basin authorities D. Private investors and individuals 28. The primary barrier to land reform in developing countries is the A. Frequent opposition by the landlords B. Realization that output levels might fall C. Fear that peasants will be cut off from credits D. General contentment with the present arrangement 29. Firms are often set up close to each other in order to take advantage of A. Supply of skilled labour B. Agglomeration economies C. Internal economies of scale D. External economies of scale 30. The consumer-goods industry is predominant in the industrial sector of the Nigerian economy because of A. Availability of market andmost of the raw materialsrequired B. Availability of the necessary machinery required C. Experience ofNigerian producers D. Relatively lower cost of production of such goods 31. A significant effect of the growth of the oil sector in Nigeria has been to A. Increase the rate of unemployment B. Diminish the percentage contribution of the agricultural sector toGNP C. Slowdown the pace of industrialization and urbanization D. Retard the rate of economic growth 32. Because most of her crude oil is exported, the foreign exchange earnings and the forward linkage effects Nigeria realizes fromher oil production are A. Both high B. Respectively high and low C. Respectively low and high D. Both low 33. Which of the following is NOT directly concerned with dealings in treasury bills? A. The Stock Exchange B. TheCentral Bank MR AR Q1 Q2 Q3 P Q I II C. Commercial banks D. Discount houses 34. Monetization refers to the ratio of A. Total transactions to monetary transactions B. Monetary assets to total assets C. Monetary transactions to total transactions D. Money in circulation to total income 35. The best way to reduce the supply of money in the economy is to A. Increase the liquidity ratio B. Increase the number of bank notes and cheques produced C. Decrease treasury bills D. Liberalize access to credit 36. The total amount ofmoney in circulation includes cash A. And current account balance owned by the non-bank public B. Owned by banks and the non-bank public C. And current account balances owned by banks and the non-bank public D. Owned by banks, the government and the non-bank public 37. To reduce the high rate of inflation in the economy, Government should A. Increase taxes and have a budget surplus B. Increase taxes and have a budget deficit C. Decrease taxes and have budget deficits D. Decrease taxes and have a balanced budget 38. When interest are high and still rising the least-cost method used by public limited companies to obtain additional funds for their operations is by A. Obtaining long-term loans frommerchant bank B. Obtaining short-termloans fromcommercial banks C. Selling floating-rate debenture stocks to the general public D. Selling new ordinary shares to the general 39. The objective of public finance is to promote A. Full employment, national income and price stability B. Government revenue drive and expenditure to as high a level as possible C. The expansion of government socialservices D. Government revenue drive andminimise government expenditure 40. An account from which allocations are made to the three tiers of government in Nigeria is called the A. National IncomeAccount B. Public Sector Account C. Federation Account D. National RevenueMobilizationAccount Use the information below to answer question 41 and Year 1 Year2 GNP at current prices (Nm) 20,000 27,000 Population (million) 20 24 41. What is the percentage increase in GNP between year 1 and year 2? A. 3.5% B. 14.0% C. 20.0% D. 35.0% 42. Calculate the GNP per head of the population in year 1 and year 2 A. N2000.00; N1000.00 B. N1125.0; N2000.00 C. N1000.00; N2000.00 D. N1000.00; N1125.00 43. In national income accounting, aggregate saving in any year is defined as A. All disposable income not spent on con sumption B. All savings deposits in all banks during the year C. All savings and time deposits in all banks during the year D. The value of inventory change for the year 44. Which of the following combination is a veritable set of development indicators? A. Growth of government expenditure and imports B. Growth of population and national income C. High fertility, literacy and school enrolment rates D. Lowinfant mortality and high per capita income and literacy rate 45. If an economy grows at an annual rate of 5% of which 3% is deemed to be due to improvement in the productivity of labour and capital combined, the remaining 2%is generally attributed to A. The size of the population B. Technical progress C. The environment D. The amount of natural resources 46. If a country has a balance of payment crisis, which of the following measures can best bring about an improvement in the short run? A. Large-scale importation on foreign goods B. Investments in capital market abroad C. Large-scale export of locally made goods D. Repayment of debt to her creditors 47. The terms of trade of a country is defined as A. Index of import price Index of export price x 100 B. Index of exportation Index of importable x 100 C. Index of visible imports Index of visible exports x 100 D. Index of export prices Index of import price x 100 48. When a foreigner on a visit to Nigeria, pays for hotel accommodation and meals with some foreign cur rency, the amount paid should be recorded in Nigeria’s balance of payments as an item of A. Nigeria’s invisible export trade B. Nigeria’s import trade C Nigeria’s visible trade D. Foreign capital inflowintoNigeria. 49. TheNigerian Trust Fund is managed on behalf of Nigeria by the A. World Bank B. InternationalMonetary Fund C. African Development Bank D. EconomicCommission forAfrica 50. One of the gains bymember states of the Economic Community ofWestAfrican States is A. Monocultural dependency B. Trade creation C. Trade inversion D. Economic independency Economics 1993 1. It is impossible to satisfy all human wants because A. Areas of fertile land are very limited B. Oceans and seas limit land space for farming C. Resources are not equitably distributed D. Available resources are limited Use the diagram below to answer question 2 and 3 2 The above diagram showing th e maximumpossible combination of commodities X andY produced in Nigeria is called the A. Production indicator B. Maximumproduction C. Production possibility curve D. Total output curve 3. How many units of goods X is produced for 8 units of commodity Y A. 80 B. 40 C. 20 D. 0 4. The main function of the price system is to A. Distribute resources equally among compet ing ends B. ensure efficient allocation of resources in the economic system C. allocate goods and services equally D. minimize cheating. 5. A system in which the means of production is held in trust for the people by government is known as a A. Socialist economy B. Capitalist economy C. Subsistence economy D. Mixed economy 6. The working population refers to A. A population where the average age is falling B. The population within the ‘0-14’’ age bracket C. The economically active segment of the population D. The dependent population 7. Which of the following factors is NOT responsible for the rural/urban drift in Nigeria? A. The infrastructural facilities in cities B. Declining fertility of rural farmlands C. Rural electrification programme D. Higher living standards in urban areas 8. An accurate census is important to a country because it helps A. In solving unemployment problem B. To ensure equitable population redistribu tion relative to natural resources C. In deciding on the creation ofmore local governments D. In providing a sound basis for formulating development policy 9. If 502.75 million tonnes of grains are consumed annually by a population of 88.5 million people, the per capita grains consumption will be A. 6.00 tonnes B. 5.68 tonnes C.0.60 tonnes D. 0.57 tonnes 10. In the theory of production and cost, the average total cost of a firmis minimized when themarginal cost curve cuts the average total cost at its. A. Lowest point B. Middle point C. Maximum point D. Downward slopping section 0 Y x Quantity of good y Quantity of good x 11. Afirm faces diminishing returns when its A. Total output diminishes B. Average output diminishes C. Marginal output diminishes D. Marginal revenue diminishes 12. If labour productivity in the cement industry is as increasing output of cement is expanded, then the amount of labour perfect competition is that in the former A. Less than zero B. Decreasing C. Constant D. Increasing 13. If profit maximization is assumed to be the objective of a business enterprise, labour must be paid a wage rate equal to the A. Marginal revenue of te enterprise B. Marginal revenue product of labour in the enterprise C. Average revenue of the enterprise D. Marginal cost of production 14. From the diagram above, shift in the demand curve from D0D0to D1D1 implies A. A rise in the demand for the commodity B. Fluctuation in the demand for the commodity C. A fall in the demand for the commodity D. An equilibrium in the demand for the commodity 15. If the equilibrium price fo a certain commodity is N120.00 and the government fixes its price atN110.00 the supplywill be A. Greater than the equilibriumsupply B. Smaller than the equilibriumsupply C. The same as the equilibrium supply D. A determinant of themarket forces of equilibrium 16. If the price elasticity of demand for a certain commod ity is less than unity, then A. An increase in the price of the commodity will raise the total revenue of the producer B. An increase in price leaves the total revenue unchanged C. A decrease in price raises the total revenue of the supplier D. Adecrease in price leaves the total revenue constant 17. In the diagram above, what is the lowest possible price the monopolist could charge and still break even without there being excess demand? 18. At equilibrium one of the distinctive features of monopoly compared with perfect competition is that in the former A. Price is always equal to marginal cost B. Supply is always equal to demand C. Price is always higher than marginal cost D. There are always manybuyers and manysellers 19 In the diagram above, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is equal to A. RP TP B. TP RP C. RT RP D. RT TP Use the table below to answer questions 20 and 21 Output Tota l Average Marginal InUnits Revenue Revemie Revenue In # in # in # 1 20 20 - 2 38 19 18 3 54 - 16 4 68 - - 5 80 16 - 20. Given an output of 3 units, the average revenue is A. N16.00 B. N18.00 C. N20.00 D. N24.00 21. Determine themarginal revenue if the total revenue is N80.00 A. N12.00 B. N14.00 C. N16.00 D. N18.00 22. Which of the following functions does the wholesaler perform to save the retailer the burden of carrying large stock? I. Breaking the bulk II. Packing the goods in smaller containers III. Providing vital information IV. Granting credit facilities A. I and II B. I and IV C. II and III D. I, II and IV Price P0 P1 D0 D1 Q0 Q1 0 Quantity S0 D1 S0 MPC P R 0O 0 T Income Consumption 23. Production is said to be completed when A. Goods and services reach the consumers B. Prices of goods or services are determined C. Goods are sold to the wholesaler D. Goods are packaged 24. A debenture share entitles its holder to A. Participate in the annual general meeting of the company B. Share in the dividends declared C. Received a fixed interest on sums invested D. Have a representative on theBoard ofDirectors 25. Apublic liability company is different from private limited company because it A. Is registered with the Registrar of companies B. Is a l legal entity C. Can raise capital of any size by way of loans D. Can sell shares in the Stock Exchange 26. A modern corporation is owned by A. Debenture holders B. Ordinary shareholders C. Preference shareholders D. Creditors 27. Wheat grows best in A. Tropical climate B. Temperate climate C. Equatorial climateD. Hot desert 28. On the basis of the contribution to employment, the most important economic sector inWestAfrica is A. Industry B. Agriculture C. Construction D. Commerce 29. The most popularly adopted industrialization strategy inWestAfrica is A. Import substitution B. Export promotion C. Ports development D. Infant industries protection 30. One of the most important factors that should be considered in the location of an industry is A. Nearness to the financial centre B. Assured patronage by government function aries C. Availability of inputs andmarket D. Availability of adequate security 31. Since the mid-1980s, themost disturbing development in the industrial sector in Nigeria is A. Labour intensity B. Capital intensity C. Poor technology D. Capacityunder-utilization 32. Themoneymarket is a financial market that special izes in the provision of A. Short-term loans and advances B. Medium-termloans C. Long-termloans D. Venture capital for development projects 33. Which of the following programme in themonetary sector is aimed at enhancing the banking habit of the rural area? A. The deregulation of the banking system B. The increase in the number ofmerchant banks C. The community banking scheme D. The deregulation of interest rate 34. The sum ofN80.000 is deposited in a bank and the cash ratio of the banking system is 10%. Calculate the total sum ofmoney the bank can create from the deposit A. N100.00 B. N800.00 C. N1 000.000 D. N8000.000 35. Economic development is distinguishable from economic growth because the farmer A. Is not concerned with growth parameters B. Affects only the poor people C. Also includes and efficient distribution of economic growth D. Is an increase in the production of goods and services 36. Which of the following can be considered as being outside the objectives of public finance? A. The allocation of resources to various sectors of the economy B. The objectives of even distribution of income and wealth C. The achievement of economic stability D. The deregulation of the economy 37. The joint ventures operating in the Nigeria oil industry are between A. The NNPC and independentmarkers B. TheNNPC andmultinationalmarketers C. TheNNPC and producers/marketers D. Multinational corporations and independent marketers 38. Which of the following are the major disadvantages of direct system of taxation? I Disincentive to hardwork II. Difficulties in assessment and collection III. Imperfections in tax assessment A. I and II B. I and III C. II and III D. I, II and III 39 No Items Amount (Nm) 1. Wages and Salaries 380 2 Profits a and Rents 110 3 Payments to foreigners on assets held in Nigeria 10 4 Income from foreign assets held by Nigerians resident abroad 20 5 Depreciation 40 Using the table above, calculate the net income A. N58m B. N54 m C. N50 m D. N46 m 40. According to the income approach to national income measurement, the national income of a country is equal to A. The value of all output produced in the country over the relevant period of time at market prices B. The value of output at factor cost C. The value added of production D. C+I + G 41. The best index for international comparison of standards of living is the A. Gross national product B. Net national income C. Per capita income D. Gross national income 42. The G. D. P. ofNigeria will be greater than her G.N.P. If A. The value of goods and services to Nigeria is greater than the value of those from Nigeria B. Consumption is greater than investment C. Government expenditure are greater than the foreign aid received D. The value of goods and services produced by Nigerian businesses abroad is less than that of foreign businesses in Nigeria. 43. Belowequilibrium, thegapbetween aggregatedemandand thefullemployment lev4elofincomeis called the A. Inflationarygap B. Income gap C. Unemployment D. Deflationarygap 44. Which of the following are the advantages of Nigeria’smembership ofECOWAS? I. A greater opportunity for trade according to comparative cost advantage II. Alargermarket for industries producing under conditions of decreasing cost III. Competition for home based monopol firms A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III 45. Comparative advantage implies that a countrywill specialize in producing the commodity A. With the highest opportunity cost B. For which output per worker is lower than in other countries C. With the lowest opportunity cost D. For which output per worker is the same with those fo other countries 46. Devaluation is effective when A. Demand for imports is price inelastic B. Demand for imports is neutral C. Production for export is low D. Demand for exports is price elastic 47. What type fo unemployment is revealed by the dotted lines on the graph above? A. Frictional unemployment B. Cyslical unemployment C. Circular unemployment D. Underemployment 48. Fromwhich of the following does Nigeria derive trade concessions? A. I.M. F. B. World Bank C. A. D.B D. E.E.C. 49. Tariffs on imports aremeant to A. Prevent a country from becoming a dumping ground for foreign goods B. Discourage exports C. Encourage exports D. Increase the level of external dependency 50. The international Bank for Reconstruction and Development is important to developing countries because it A. Gives loans tomember countries for legal proceedings B. Offers grants and aid for defence C. Offer loans tomember countries for socieconomic activities D. Offers grants and aid to finance luxury project O u tp u t/u n em plo ym en t Time Output O Economics 1994 1. The basic economic problems of the society include A. What to produce, how and or whom B. How to produce and sell C. Scarcity, when to produce and how D. Scarcity, for whom to produce and where 2. Opportunity cost is an economic cost is an economic concept which describes the A. Monetary equivalent of theutility of a commodity B. Amount oftime ormoney invested on a commodity C. Sacrifice made for the satisfaction of a want D. Cost of retaining an optimum level of production of commodities 3. If the marginal propensity to consume is 0.80 and the investment expenditure changes fromN100 million to N140million in a given economy, find the level of equilibrium in te given economy, using the formula 1___ K = 1-MPC ( K= Multiplier;MPC = Marginal Propensity to Consume) A. N20 million B. N40 million C. N80 million D. N200million 4. The circular flowof income defines the A. Relationship between ends and means in the economic system B. Allocation of income to variousmembers of the household C. Flow of goods, serves and money among the various `macro-sectors of the economy D. Micro-economic relationship in economic analysis 5. The necessity of choice is due to the fact that A. Human wants are insatiable B. Consumer like to maximize satisfaction C. Resources are abundant D. Consumer are selective 6. The graph above represents a production function. At which of the points does diminishing returns set in? A. I B. J C. K D. L 7. In a mixed economy, decisions to produce are taken by A. Men and women acting in their own best interest B. The government acting in the interest of the country C. Themarket women, the labour unions and the employers association D. Private individuals, organization and the government 8. Every economy requires an accurate census because it assists in A. Solving inflation problem B. Proving a sound framework for policy formulation C. Stimulating economic activities in the national economy D. Solving unemployment problem 9. The population fo countryX in 1990 was 35million. The births were 450,000while it recorded 210,00 deaths. If in the same year, its immigrantswere 20,000 and 10,000 of its citizens left the country, calculate the total population of the country at the end of 1990. A. 24,250.00 B. 25,350.00 C. 34,750.00 D. 35,250.00 10. If the actual population in a country is less than the optimum population, then A. It is desirable to have a large population B. It is necessary to have an improved technol ogy to sustain the population C. It is desirable to have smaller population D. The available resources are inadequate to sustain the population 11. Unemployment can be reduced by A. Restricting the productive base of the economy B. Adopting capital - intensive techniques of production C. Adopting a mixture of labour and capital intensive techniques of production D. Adopting a mixture of labour and capitalintensive techniques of production 12. Production possibility curve of country X If the economy of the country is operating X, the implication is that A. Theproductive capacityis being fullyutilized B. The productive capacity is not being fully utilized C. Too little of consumer goods is being produced D. There is a disequilibrium between the production of capital and consumer goods 13. When the Total Product (TP) is at maximumpoint, the Marginal Product (MP) and theAverage Product (AP) respectively are A. Zero and decreasing B. Decreasing and zero C. Negative and decreasing D. Both at their maximum 14. In the long run, all production factors are A. Fixed B. Semi-fixed C.Variable D. Semi-variable 15. Acompany’s expenditureon rawmaterialsis regarded as A. Explicit cost B. Implicit cost C. Prime cost D. Average cost 16. The basic relationship between the cost of production and themarket Output Variable Factor I J K L X O M N N W Y Z Consumer goods Capital goods A. Always reflects the cost of labour B. Reflects the variable, but not the fixed cost f production C. Does not rise above variable costs D. Is determined by the cost of production and the current rate of inflation 17. A firm determines its profits when it studies its A. Marginal Cost B. Average Cost C. Total Cost D. Average Cost relative to price in the market 18. An increase in the supply of labour in a factorywhile other things remain equal will lead to A. An increase in the wage rate and an increase in the number of people employed B. A decrease in the wage rate and a decrease in employment C. An increase in the wage rate and decrease in employment D. A decrease in the wage rate and an increase in employment 19. Ademandwhich is positivelyrelated to price is true of A. Normal goods B. Giffen goods C. Ostentatious goods D. Capital goods Use the table below to answer 20 and 21 Price in N Quantity demanded Quantity 10 50 450 20 150 350 30 250 250 40 350 150 50 450 50 20. What is the equilibriumquantity? A. 50 B. 250 C. 350 D. 450 21. Abovetheequilibriumpoint,a further riseinpricetends to A. Increase demand and restrict supply B. Restrict demand and restrict supply C. Increase demand and decrease supply D. Decrease demand and increase supply 22. Price (#) Quantity Sold 5 15 5 16 5 17 5 18 Fromthe table above, marginal revenue is A. N5 B. N6 C. N8 D. N10 23. Elasticity of demand is an effective tool in the hands of a producer in that it enables him A. Raise his profits and lowers his cost B. Discourage buyers from cheating C. Determine what he will produce D. Set his price tomaximize his profit 24. Cross elasticity of demand can be mathematically expressed as the A. Percentage change in quantity of commodityX Percentage change in quantity of commodity Y B. Percentage change in quantity demanded percentage change in price C. Percentage change in quantity demanded of commodity X Percentage change in price of commodity Y D. Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in income 25. The basic idea behind brand differentiation under an imperfectmarket arrangement is to A. Stimulate demand for rival product B. Create demand for the particular product C. Enable the product to penetrate the market D. Enable the product to compete with others 26. In the long run, a firm in a perfectly competitive marketwillmake A. Normal profit B. Abnormal profit C. Marginal profit D. No profit 27. Output restriction, fixing of prices, creating obstacles, to free entry into the market are features of A. Pure monopoly B. Perfect competition C. Monopolistic competition D. Monopsonist competition 28. A major shortcoming of the sole proprietorship form of business is lack of A. Working capital B. Patronage C. Continuity D. Market 29. In theevent ofliquidationofa privatelimited liability company,t heshareholder’sliabilityislimited totheir total. A. Income from all source B. Family assets C. Collateral offered for bank loans D. Investments in the company 30. The major factor that causes fluctuations in the supply of agricultural produce is A. High price B. Pests C. Weather variations D. Rural-urbanmigration 31. The system of agricultural practice which involves hunting, gathering and growing of food crops for family consumption only is described as A. Peasant agriculture B.Plantation agriculture C. Co-operative farming D. Subsistence farming 32. What is the term used to describe a policy aimed at promoting the local production of goods which are usuallyimported? A. Deregulation B. Import substitution C. Tariff reduction D. Backward integration 33. Labour-intensive strategy fo industrialization emphasizes the use of A. Stem B. Manual method of production C. Synthetic rawmaterials D.Hydro-electric power 34. Petroleum is the mainstay of the Nigerian economy because it is the A. Main foreign exchange earner B. Greatest employer to labour C. Greater contributors tothe growth of agriculture D. Source of high income for its workers 35. An indigenous company wholly owned by the federal government of Niger which currently engages in prospecting for oil is A. TheNigerian National Oil Company B. Peak PetroleumIndustries Nigeria Limited C. Nigeria Exploration and Production Company D. TheNigeriaNational PetroleumCorporation 36. An increase both the legal reserve ratio and discount rate has the effect of A. Increasing the quantity ofmoney in circula tion B. Decreasing the quantity ofmoney in circulation C. Increasing the value of money D. Decreasing the value of money 37. Inflation in theNigeria economybay be fueled byincrease in A. The dollar price of crude oil B. The sale of company share C. Government expenditure D. Sale of government bond 38. Gresham’s lawin economic shows that A. Good money drives out bad money B. Bad money drivers out good money C. The value of money varies inverselywith the price level D. Goldmust be available to maintain the value of paper money 39. Monetary policy aimed at reducing demand-pull inflation in the countrymay be carried out through A. Increase in taxation of private companies, public corporation and private individuals B. Increase in cash reserve ratio of commercial banks and the sales of government securities C. Decrease in government expenditure on education D. Direct price control in the market place 40. Progressive tax structure is designed to A. Takemore fromthe income of the poor B. Takemore fromthe income of the rich C. Take equal proportion of income from both the rich and the poor D. Reducetheproblems emanatingfromtax impositon 41. Taxes andgovernment expenditures areinstruments of A. Monetary policy B. Tax policy C. Economy policy D. Fiscal policy 42. The national income of a country indicates that the gross national income was N17 700million and gross domestic product wasN16 800million. The difference ofN900 million represents A. Debt repayments B. investments abroad C. net income from abroad D. capital consumption 43. If national income rises by 6% and population rises by 3%, per capital incomewill A. Rise by 6 percent B. Fall by 3 percent C. Fall by 6 percent D. Rise by 3 percent 44. One of the ways by which the government can speed up economic development is through the A. Increase in consumption pattern of the people B. Encouragement of savings, investment and equitable distribution of goods and services C. Increase in the rate of population growth so as to ensure that the country has a large labour force D. Encourage of importation of rawmaterials to produce consumers goods 45. A sustained increase in the production of goods and services in a country is called economic A. Development B. Growth C. Diversification D. Planning 46. One of the techniques for rectifying a deficit balance of payment is A. Import promotion B. Devaluation C. Physical intervention D. Borrowing from abroad 47. The main objective of theEconomic Community of West African State is to A. Establish aWestAfrican Development Bank B. Create aWestAfrican army C. Introduce a common currency for the subregion D. Promote the free movement of persons, goods and services within the sub-region 48. In international trade, shipping and other freight charges are treated as A. Invisible items B. Unilateral transfers C. Capital transactions D. Autonomous capital transactions 49. A situation in which a commodity is sold abroad below its cost fo production in the home country is known is A. Dumping B. Counter trade C. Bilateral trade D. Trade liberalization 50. The borrowing rights of a member country of the internationalMonetary Fund are determined by A. The seriousness of the country’s economic problems B. Its balance of payments position C. Its quota to the Fund D. The size of its gold reserve House - holds Business Units K L M N Economics 1995 1. The ultimate objective of economics is to A. make effort to understand how the economy works B. make the best use of scarce resources C. organize production at the lowest cost D. decide under what circumstances in the economy 2. In the circular flowof income above, the direction of flow of payments for consumption purchases is shown by the arrow A. K B. L C. M D. N 3. A student in Obu’pu Secondary School discover that he simultaneously needs a biro, an exercise book, an eraser and a ruler, but that he can purchase only one of these items.What is the first thing he is expected to do? A. Check howmuch money he has B. Find out which is the cheapest of the items C. Draw up a scale of preference D. Weigh the opportunity cost of each item against the others. 4. What to produce in any society is determined by the A. expenditure of the people on different commodities B. competition among the different producers C. competition among the difference consum ers’ D. supply and demand in the factor markets 5. The active intervention of the central authorities in the management of a country’s economy rests upon the A. failure of the market forces to produce satisfactory B. superiority of the centrally planned economy over/the private enterprise economy C. result-oriented nature of the private enterprise economy D. cost-minimization strategyof amixed economy 6. The problems of conducting census include A. high rate of rural-urbanmigration B. poor geographical distribution of population C. high birth rate in the country D. poor town planning in urban areas 7. An ageing population is a population A. with a high dependency ratio B. with many young people C. in which the number of old person is increasing D. that is dominated by very old people 8,. The population ofOhaha L.G.A.Was 480 000 in December 1980 out ofwhich 60%were females . If within one years no births were recorded ,but 5% of the males died, what will be the population of the L.G.A. In December 1981? A. 96000 B. 192 000 C. 288 000 D. 470 400 9. What is meant by labour supply? A. Number of people in working population B. Number ofmen and hour theywork C. Number of hours during which the middle aged persons works D. Number of work forcemultiplied by the hours they work 10. The advantage which firms obtain directly from expanding their operations are referred to as A. Internal economies of scale B. External economics of scale C. Economies of localization D. Economies of resource allocation 11. The factor of production that has the highest degree ofmobility is A. land B. labour C. capital D.entrepreneurship 12. Any payment to a factor of production in excess of what is necessary to keep that factor in its present employment is known as A. real income B. profit C. economic rent D. real wage 13. No ofworkers TotalOutput (Units) 1 24 2 46 3 60 4 84 5 95 6 110 7 115 In the table above, the marginal product of the 2nd worker and the average product of the 5th worker respectively are A. 23 and 20 B. 22 and 19 C. 14 and 19 D.11 and 20 14. Given that TC= TFC + TVC andTR =ARXQ profit is equal to A. (AR+ Q) - TFC B. (TFC+ TVC) Q C. (ARXQ) - TC D. (TCXQ) AR 15. The opportunity cost of the use of productive resources which a producer owns and so does not pay for, constitutes A. a fixed cost B. an implicit cost C. a variable cost D. a prime cost 16. The effect of changes in the condition of demand on a demand schedule with the price constant is a A. movement along the demand curve B. deflation of the demand curve C. hyperbola formation by the demand curve D. shift of the demand curve 17. Which of the following statements is TRUE of the effect of changes in demand and supply on price? A. Adecrease in supplywill lead to a fall in price and a fall in the quantity bought an sold B. An increase in demandwill lead to a fall in price and in the quantity bought an soled C. A decrease in demand will lead to a rise in price and in the quantity bought an sold D. An increase in supplywill lead to a fall in price and a rise in the quantity bought and sold 18. In a free market economy, available resources aremore efficiently allocated by complete reliance on A. development planning B. strategic planning C. capital budgeting D. price system 19. In order to maximize his profit, a businessman who faces a very clastic demand for his products is advised to A. slightly increase the price of his products B. slightly reduce the price of his products C. leave his prices unchanged D. discriminate his prices 20. What is the elasticity of demand for commodityX, if at a price of N25 the quantity demanded is 80 and when the price is reduced to N20 the quantity demanded is 100? A. 1.25 B. 1.45 C. 0.25 D. 0.15 21. If y represents the income earned byworkers in a factory, find the range of their income which satisfies the following inequality4y-300>500 A. y > 300 B. Y> 250 C. y> 200 D. Y > 150 22. Both in the short run and in the long run, a firm maximizes its profitswhen A. MC = MR B. AC =MC C. AVC =AC D. MC=AVC 23. A. OQ1MP4 B. P4MTP1 C. OQ1TP1 D. OQ2SP2 24. Stocking small quantities of a variety of goods is a function of the A. manufacturer B. wholesaler C. retailer D. consumer 25. In a joint stock company, preference shareholder are those who receive A. high dividends when profits are high and little or nothing when profits are low B. a fixed rate of dividend and ha ve the first claim on the net profits of the company C. the remaining profits after all other share holders have been paid D. dividends quarterly when others receive annually 26. The major reason for the survival of small shops despite competition from large business enterprises is because of A. the small capital outlay involved B. regularity and constant supply of commodi ties C. their local services and longer hours of operation D. they take prompt decisions and actions 27. One of the major advantages of public enterprises it that A. they are highly subsidized B. they are the largest employers of labour C. their operations are highly standardized D. they take prompt decisions and actions 28. When public enterprises become commercialized it means that A. the product of the enterprises are further subsidized B. they are expected to operate with the primaryaim ofmaking profits C. the government has decided to divest itself of such enterprises D. th e staff of the enterprises will be laid off 29. Which of th e following statements are TRUE of agriculture in Nigeria? I it provides food for the growing population II a large proportion of the popula tion is engaged in III agricultural products are used as P1 P2 P3 P4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Qty MR M Price AC MC T S R D rawmaterials by the local industries IV it serves as a sources of heavy equipment to local industries A. I and II only B. I, II and III only C. I, III and IVonly D. II and III only 30. In recent times, agriculture in Nigeria tends to lose its vital labour force as a result of A. lack of an effective agricultural policy B. employment opportunities in the oil sector C. rural-urban drift D. lowprices of agricultural product 31. The government can influence the price of agriculture products by A. fixing minimumpriceswhen agricultural output is low B. fixingmaximum prices in years of bumper harvests C. the use of buffer stocks an stabilization funds D. paying all farmers producing identical crops a uniformamount ofmoney 32. The crucial factors which determine the location of petroleumrefineries in Nigeria are availability of raw materials and A. capital B. political consideration C. nearness to source of power D. labour 33. Infant industries denote industries which A. are introducing new products B. are too young to compete in the world market C. produce baby food and mothercare products D. are allowed time enough to mature for recognition 34. When compare with a labour-intensive industry, a capital-intensive industry employersmore A. workers than capital B. workers than machinery C. rawmaterial than capital D. machinery than workers 35. Themajor source ofNigeria’s foreign exchange is the export of A. skilledmanpower B. palm-kernel and cocoa C. crude oil D. groundnuts and cotton 36. Themost important goal ofOPEC is to A. present a united front for the purpose of raising prices of crude oil B. bring unityamong the petroleumexporting states C. ensure political stabilityamongmember states D. ensure that rules on quota production are strictly followed 37. TheCentral Bank’s expansionarymonetary policy is justified at a period A. when the inflation rate is high and the economy is experience a boom B. of economic depression accompanied by low capacity utilization C. when trade unions are clamouring for higher wages D. when the price of crude petroleum is rising 38. The sharp increases in the prices of most goods and services during the last quarter of 1994in Nigeria were mainlydue to A. ban on importation of foreign good B. population upsurge C. the introduction value-added tax D. increase in transport costs 39. The best method to curb inflation in Nigeria is to A. reduce important of commodities B. increase the general level of production C. reduce the volume of money supply D. set up price control boards 40. A bank is said to be distressed when it A. is unable to deal with the Central Bank B. has a low capital base C. has low level of deposits D. experiences serious liquidity crisis 41. Onemethod through which theCentral Bank can restrict the commercial banks’ power of credit expansion is to A. demand for increase special deposits B. decrease the cash ratio C. buy securities in the open market D. reduce the rate of interests at which banks borrowfrom it 42. Which of the following is cheapest for the govern ment in improving the welfare of its citizens? A. subsidy B. income supplement C. donation to specific projects D. wage increase 43. Which of the following is mostly used to determine the cost of living? A. marginal changes in prices B. consumer price index C. prices of imported and exported commodities D. producer price index Use the diagram below to answer questions 44 and 45. The diagram explains the effect of government’s imposition of an indirect tax on a good characterized by zero price elasticity of demand Price (p) P P O Quantity (Q) 1 2 D S D 1 S1 S0 S0 Q0 D1 H E 44. The total tax revenue is represented by A. P1EHP0 B. P0HQPO C. P1EQ0O D. P1ED1P0 45. The tax imposed is borne A. totally by the consumer B. totally by the producer C. equally by both the consumer and the producer D. by the government 46. Ajanka, a medical student entitled to an annual allowance ofN6 000, decides to leave the university to take up a job where he earns N7 000 per annum. By this singular act, the national income level will. A. increase byN1 000 B. decrease byN7 000 C. increase by N7 000 D. increase byN13 000 47. An increasing population might be of economic benefit to a country if A. the female population is greater than the male population B. the dependency ratio is increasing as the a continuously total population C. a continuously higher proportion falls into the working class category D. the rural and urban proportions are bal anced 48. The demands made on each other by the agricultural and industrial sectors as the economy grows are reflected in A. backward and forward linkages B. horizontal and vertical linkages C. vertical linkages D. functional linkages 49. Foreign exchange rate in a freemarket economy is determined by A. The government B. TheCentral Bank C. Demand and supply D. Commercial banks 50. The primary objective of all international economic organizations is to A. ensure that third world countries get a better share of the worlds’ resources B. promote international economic co-operation for the mutual benefit of allmembers C. enforce structural adjustment programmes on less developed countries D. encourage exports from the developed to the less developed countries Economics 1997 1. With a given level ofmoney income, a consumer maximizes satisfaction from the consumption of goods and services when he A. total utility derived from each good or service is increasing at an increasing rate B. marginal utility derived fromeach good or service is increasing at the same rate C. marginal utility derived per naira spent is the same for all the goods and services D. total utility derived from all the goods and services is large. 2. Ike’s scale of preference reveals that he prefers bananas to pawpaw, pawpaw to oranges and oranges to bananas. Ike’s preferences are therefore A. inconsistent B. consistent C. transitive D. rational 3. One of the features of a free market economy is that A. resources are directed bythe pricemechanism B. workers do not earn equal wages C. the profit motive is severely constrained D. decision on the economy are taken by bureaucratic structures 4. One of the fundamental differences between a capitalist and a socialist economy is that while A. the former is characterized by complete government ownership of resources, the latter is characterized by complete private ownership. B. in the former, prices act as signals in the allocation of resources, it is the central authority that performs this function in the latter C. taxes are levied in a capitalist economy there is not taxation in a socialist economy D. income and wealth are equally distributed in the socialist economy, this is not so in a capitalist economy 5. Given that at the beginning of 1973, Nigeria with a population of 75 million had a birth rate of 3% per annum. This implies that in that year. A. the population increased by 2.25 million B. therewere 2.25 million live births C. the government had to make provisions for 2.25million children D. 2.25 million children were born. 6. When a country’s population is experiencing increas ing returns, that country is said to be A. overpopulated B. economically poor C. over producing goods and services D. underpopulated 7. In a country, if the proportion of people who are below 15 years is 45% and those above 60 years is 30%,this implies that the A. Dependency ratio is high B. Population is optimum C. Active population is large D. Population is growing according toMalthus theory 8. One of the objectives of Nigeria’s current population policy is to A. reduce the birth rate B. reduce the emigration rate C. increase the birth rate D. enhance longevity 9. Labour productivity is the ratio of A. Labour to output B.Man-hours to output C. Output to man-hours D. Average products to man-hours 10. The type of cost which has to be covered for a firm to continue production in the short-run is the A. Overhead cost B. Fixed cost C. Marginal cost D. Average variable cost Use the diagram below to answer question 11 and 12 The current stage of the economy is depicted in curve I 11. Point P suggests that the economy is A. reaching full employment but not full production B. attaining full production but not full employment C. under capitalized D. attaining both full employment and full production 12. The movement of curve I to II suggest A. an improvement capital goods technology but not in consumer goods technology B. amovement from unemployment to full employment C. that the output for the society has declined D. a gain in consumer goods technique and not in capital goods technique 13. In the diagram above, the curve which represents the firm’s short-run average variable cost is curve A. I B. II C III D. IV 14. A good is said to be inferior if its demand A. rises as income rises B. falls as income rises C. rises as its price falls D. is perfectly inelastic 15. Given a market demand curveQ = 120 - 2p and a supply curveQ = 4 p, the equilibrium price and quantity respectively are A. 20 and 80 B. 30 and 120 C. 40 and 60 D. 60 and 240 16. If a demand curve that intersects a perfectly inelastic supply curve shifts rightward, then A. the equilibriumprice and quantitywill increase B. only the price will increase C. only the quantitywill increase D. the price will remain constant 17. The elasticity of demand for a firm’s product 2. If the firm reduces its prices its price by 20 per cent, its sales revenue will increase by A. 10 per cent B. 20 per cent C. 30 per cent D. 40 per cent 18. If the percentage change in the income of the consumers of an industrial product is less than the resulting percentage change in the quantity de manded of the product, then the income elasticity of demand for the product is A. lees than one B. equal to one C. greater than one D. equal to zero 19. Amarket where there are many differentiated products is called A. monopoly B. perfect competition C. monopolistic competition D. oligopoly I II Capital goods Consumer goods I II Quantity of output per period Graph costs III IV 20. From the diagram above, the quantity of output is determined by the point A. M B. N C. H D. F 21. The best channel of distribution of baked bread is through A. wholesalers to retailers then to consumers B. direct sales to consumers C. wholesalers to consumers D. retailers to consumers 22. A form of business organization which is character ized by limited authority and liability of the individual owners is the A. sole proprietorship B. partnership C. joint stock company D. co-operative society 23. The shares that must be redeemed first at liquidation of a company are A. preference shares B. non-voting ordinary shares C. ordinary shares D. debentures 24. The suggestion that peasants in Africa have back ward-bending supply curves of output implies that their response to an increase in the price of their crops will be to A. increase their output B. decrease their output C. keep their output constant D. hoard their output 25. Themost important requirement for increasing agricultural output in Nigeria is A. for a government to go into large scale farming B. to employ relevant foreign technology and reform the land tenure system C. to increase farmer’s incomes and improve the farming techniques D. to employmore extension workers 26. What is the effect of inelastic demand for agricultural products on the income of a farmer? A. a price rise results in its fall B. a price fall results in its fall C. a price fall results in its rise D. a price rise leaves the income unchanged 27. Plywood industries are often located near the source of A. finance B. labour C. power D. rawmaterials 28. A firm is said to have benefited fromexternal econom ics in production if it has realized A. a more efficient management of resources B. a better combination of factors of produc tion C. reduced resource costs due to operations of other firms D. a higher profits level due to increase sales 29. One of the dangers of the localization of industries A. residual unemployment B. mass unemployment C. structural unemployment D. cyclical unemployment 30. A glut in the world market for crude oil means A. a fall in crude oil production B. an excess supply of crude petroleum C. a higher crude oil price offered by the buyer D. a higher crude oil price demanded by the seller 31. Themain problem of theOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is howto A. prevent members from violating their quota B. enhance the quality of petroleum products C. compete with heNorth Sea Producers D. ensure viable crude reserves 32. Themost important attribute ofmoney is A. homogeneity B. relative scarcity C. divisibility D. general acceptability 33. Which of the following is inflationary? A. an increase in taxation B. an increase in savings C. a decrease in money supply D. an increase in government expenditure 34. In commercial banking, an account from which the customer cannot withdrawmoney instantly is A. demand deposit account B. tme deposit account C. special deposit account D. savings deposit account 35. Banks can create more money by A. increasing its cash ratiowith the Central Bank B. issuing more bank cheques C. accepting more deposits from customers D. lending out money from customers’ deposits 36. Stocks and shares as well as bonds are examples of Quantity Cost M N G H SMC E F AR = MR = P instruments used in the A. commoditymarkets B. moneymarkets C. capitalmarkets D. securitymarkets 37. The use of legally permissiblemeans to reduce tax liabilities is known as tax A. evasion B. avoidance C. relief D. exemption 38. The greatest proportion of government revenue in Nigeria comes from A. export of rawmaterials B. income taxes on individuals and businesses C. customs duties and excise taxes D. loans and grants from industrially advanced countries 39. One of the factors which is likely to check the growth of public debts is A. bridging the resources gap B. debt repudiation C. debt rescheduling C. debt-equity swap 40. If the marginal propensity to consume is 0.75 and private investment increases byN10 billion while government expenditure decrease byN15 billion, GDP will decrease by A. N12 billion B. N15 billion C.N 20 billion D. N 25 billion 41. Given: Investment = N100million Consumption = N200m+0.75 Y Y = C+ I Where, Y = Income, C = Consumption and I = Investment What is the income level to the nearest million? A. N100million C. N1 000million B. N300million D. N1 200million 42. The total money values of all goods and services produced in a country during a certain period is measured by using the A. Incomemethod C. Output method B. Expendituremethod D. Factor method 43. Privatization ofgovernment-owned companiesmeans the A. relinquishing of government’s equity participation to private individuals B. recapitalization of distressed government - owned companies C. joint participation of government and private individuals D. commercialization and deregulation of the economy 44. The major determinant of the total volume of output in an economy is the A. level of wholesale prices B. dize of the labour force C. level of total expenditure D. composition of consumer spending 45. Themost important factor in ensuring economic development is the A. effectivemobilization of domestic savings B. presence of foreign capital C. formulation of appropriate government policies D. attraction of foreign aids and grants 46. Which of the following classes of goods accounts for the largest proportion ofNigeria’s imports? A. food and animal products B. consumer goods C. chemicals D. machinery and transport equipment 47. Counter trading isan internationalarrangement whereby A. goods and services are exchanged in a manner similar tobarter B. goods and services are sold on the counter C. crude oil is sold to a foreign country D. goods are shipped to countries on which the United Nations has placed a trade embargo 48. In recent years, Nigeria’s balance of payments has continued to register a deficit due to I. Increased government overseas’ spending II. Increasing prices of exports III. Rising import prices IV. More payments to overseas’ investors A. I, II and III B. I, II and IV C. I, III and IV D. II, III and IV 49. The organization which provide credits to help countries achieve short-term balance in their balance of payments is the A. economic Community foWest African State B. internationalMonetary Fund C. international Bank for Reconstruction and development D. african Development Bank 50. An important feature of a cartel is that A. members do no reduce price below the cartel price B. each member has a fixed output above which it is not expected to produce C. a powerful member fixesthepriceatwhich otherswill sell D. members fix the prices for their products Economics 1998 1. A. L B. M C. N D. P In the diagram above, full employments is indicated by 2. Units of consumption marginal utility of commodity X (units) 1 100 2 80 3 50 4 20 From the table above, the total utility for the indi vidual who consumea 3 units fo commodity X is A. 50 units C. 230units B. 150 units D. 250 units 3. OneofeconomicproblemsofNigeria todayarises from A. The overutilization of human an natural resources B. Inavailabilityof mineral resources C. Inadequate manpower resources D. The underutilization of human and natural resources 4. In certain circumstances, a centrally planned economy adopts the rationing system because of A. The scarcity of goos and services in the market B. Low real and moneywages C. The need for equitable distribution of goods and service D. Transportation and distribution problems 5. Given that B= Births X= Emigrants D = Deaths M= Immigrants The population of a country over a period of time will rise if A. A= Dand X >m B. B-D =O andM>X C. D -B =O andm= x D. X >Mand D > B Use the table belowtoanswer question 6 and 7 .Population Statistics of a Country Age range in % of population years 1960 1990 60 and above 35 38 18- 59 40 42 1 - 17 25 20 Goods Y Goods X P N M O L 6. The dependency ratio between 1960 and 1990 is A. Increased by 5% B. Increased by 2% C. Decreased by 2% D. Decreased by 5% 7. In 1990, the difference between the dependent population and the active population ration is A. 22% B. 20% C. 16% D. 4% 8. Theshort-run period in produceis defined as a periodwhen A. there is at least one fixed factor B. all costs of production must be covered C. the output cannot be varied D. current output is not profitable 9. Specialization often improves economic performance because it A. Permits exploitation of economies of scale B. Incorporates external economies C. Is based on the law of variable proportions D. Allocate resources according to absolute advantage 10. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between average product and marginal product? A. Marginal product and average product curves rise and fall together B. Marginal product equals average product at theminimumpoint of the latter C. Average product curve will rise as long as marginal product is greater than average product D. Marginal product equals average product at themaximumpoint of the former 11. Total output Fixed cost Variable cost (Units) (#) (#) 100 100 100 120 100 110 160 100 120 200 100 140 240 100 160 The average total cost when output is 200 units in the table above is A. N1.00 B. N1.20 C. N1.40 D. N2.40 12. When a firm is reaping economies of large-scale production, it experiences a fall in its A. Long-run marginal cost B. Long-run average cost C. Long-run total cost D. Short-runmarginal cost 13. In the diagram above, the price P2 in price control situation, is referred to as A. Minimumprice B. Mark -up price C. Maximumprice D. Mark-down price 14. The shaded triangle in the diagram above is known as A. Excess supply B. Consumer surplus C. Excess consumption D. Producer surplus 15. In the diagram above, D0D0 is the original demand curve, S0S0 is the original supply curve, D1D1 is the new demand curve S1S1 is the is the new supply curve.What is the new equilibrium quantity? A. Q1 B. Q2 C. Q3 D. Q4 16. If an increase in the price of a commodity leads to increase in total revenue, then it means that the demand for this commodity is A. Normal B. Elastic C. Inelastic D. Abnormal 17. Given that the elasticity of demand for a commodity is 2.5, the percentage change in the quantity demanded as a result of a 10 percent change in its prices is A. 0.25 B. 0.40. C. 4.00 D. 25.00 18. The producer in a perfectly competitive market is face with a demand curve whose elasticity is A. Unitary B. Greater than one C. Infinite D. Less than one 19. Inthediagramabove, profit ismaximizedattheoutputlevel A. ON C. OL B. OK D. OF 20. Unlike the retailer, the wholesale provides A. Useful information to the manufacturer about consumers’ taste B. After sales service to the consumer C. Useful information to the customers on the benefits and uses of the product D. Useful information about market trends and Finance to the manufacturer 21. Liquidationofa limitedliabilitycompanyimplies thatthe A. Company may not pay its debt B. Debts of the company can only be paid from its own assets C. Debts of the company are paid from both business and private funds of the owners D. Debts of the companymust be paid from public funds only 22. One form of business organization which is not motivated solely by the profit objective is the A. Joint stock company B. Private limited company C co-operative society D. Ordinary partnership 23. Which of the following can have their shares quoted on the stock exchange? A. Public corporations B. Apartnership C. A consumer co-operative D. Apublic limited liability company 24. The sector that employs the largest proportion of the active labour force in Nigeria A. Oil sector B. Federal civil service C. Financial sector D. Agricultural sector 25. An entirely domestic effort directed at improving agricultural production in Nigeria is the A. Agricultural Development Programme B. Agro-industrialDevelopment Scheme C. Food andAgricultural Organization D. National Land DevelopmentAuthority 26. A factor that influences the location of a firm near its market is the A. Transportation of bulky rawmaterials B. External economies C. High cost of transporting finished goods D. Availability of skilled manpower P P Q Q 2 1 P P S S P P P Q Q Q 1 1 D D Price P MC AC MR O N K L F Quantity Q Q Q Q Quantity 1 2 3 4 O S0 S1 D0 D1 D0 D1 S1 S0 27. In many developing countries, infrastructural problem is acute due tot he shortage of A. Industries and industrial equipment B. Savings, investment and consumption C. Natural resources for development D. Supporting services that encourage eco nomic activities 28. Export-promotion policy is primarilyconcernedwith the A. Processing of rawmaterials to increase their value B. Making of international routes safe for export commodities C. Reduction in the number of imported items D. Encouragement of the production of export commodities 29. The petroleumindustry in Nigeria is A. The sole source of the nation’s revenue B. The oldest industry in the country C. The mainstay of the economy D. Afactor in the decline in the nation’s foreign reserves 30. Crude petroleum is a good example of a A. Lasting asset B. Wasting asset C. Synthetic product D. Costless resource 31. One of the techniques of monetary control used by theCentral Bank ofNigeria is A. Selective credit control B. Budget deficit C. Foreign exchange control C. Monitoring the general rice level 32. Which of the following is true about the value ofmoney? A. It varies inverselywith the price level B. It varies directlywith the price level C. It depreciates in the period of deflation D. It is not affected by the price level 33. If the reserve requirement for commercial banking in Nigeria were 30%, a commercial bank which receives an initial cash deposit ofN3 000is in a position to lend out A. N9 000 B. N3 330 C. N2 770 D. N2 100 34. An issue of bank-notes not backed by gold but by government securities is known as A. Fiduciary issue B. Guaranteedmoney C. Seigniorage D. Legal tender 35. A rise in themarket price of fixed interest securities is an indication that the A. Supply of money has decreased B. Liquidity preference has increased C. Market rate of interest has risen D. Market rate of interest has fallen 36. An increase in government expenditure will lead to A. Investment opportunities for foreign investors B. An increase in the level of aggregate demand C. An increase in total tax revenue D. Reduction in total tax revenue 37. When an indirect tax is levied on the producer of a good, the burden on the consumer will depend largely on the A. Elasticity of demand for the good B. Proportion of the consumer’s income spent on the goods C. Elasticityofdemand and supplyofthecommodity D. Availability of substitutes for the commodity 38. Ifa governmentwants toreducethelevel ofinflation, itwill A. Run a budget surplus B. Run a budget deficit C. Run a balance budget D. Borrowmoremoney 39. In a country’s national income increased fromN1000 billion to N1100 billion over a period of 2 years, what was the average annual rate of growth of national income over the period? A. 5% B. 15% C. 20% D. 100% 40. A fall in themarginal propensity to save will lead to A. A decrease in national income B. An increase in national income C. No change in national income D. An increase in disposable income 41. Which of the following is a transfer payment? A. Dividend to a shareholder B. Gift to a motherless Babies’s Home C. Salary to a worker D. Rent to a landlord 42. The major objective of economic growth is to A. Redistribute income and other benefits of growth B. Equalize opportunities for education and employment C. Increase the aggregate expenditure on goods and services D. Increase the real per capita income 43. The Family Support Programme in Nigeria essentially focuses on A. The generation of employment B. The alleviation of poverty C. Agricultural and industrial development D. Economic emancipation of women 44. Economically, underdeveloped countries are charac terized by A. High rate of population growth and low rate of economic growth B. High rate of economic growth and lowrate of population growth C. High rate of population growth and high rate of economic growth D. Low rate of population growth and low rate of economic growth 45. One of the major consequences of urban-biased development programmes in Nigeria is that they A. Led to rapid rural-urbanmigration B. Led to unprecedented urban wealth C. Transformed rural areas into urban centre D. Increased the level of specialized manpower in the cities 46. Development plans have not been successful in some developing countries largely because of A. Very large working population B. Increasing level of consumption C. Scarcity of industrial raw materials D. Shortage of skilled labour and experts 47. The balance of visible trade is the difference between the value of A. Imported and exported goods B. Imported and exported services C. Current account and capital account D. Exchange rate of local and foreign currencies 48. If a country has a balance of payments surplus on current accounts, this means that A. The total invisible export is greater than invisible import B. The value of goods exported must be greater than the value of goods imported C. There must be a positive balance on capital account D. The aggregate of the balance of trade and the invisible balance must be positive 49. If a country operates a freely floating exchange rate system, and suffers a balance of payments deficit, the deficit can be eliminated through A. A rise in the external value of its currency B. A fall in the external value of its currency C. An increase in the volume of imports D. The consumption of more foreign goods 50. TheEconomicCommission forAfricawasset upbythe A. UNO B. ECOWAS C. OAU D. IMF 1. In a firm three employees earn N5,500 each, four earn N3,300 each, two earn N5,000 each and one earns N7,000. The mean income of the employees is A. N5,200 B.N4,760 C. N4,670 D.N2,080 2. Abubakar has the choice of buying either a house or a Mercedes Benz car for N1.5m plus NO.5mrunning cost. If he decides to buy theMercedes Benz car, his opportunitycost isA. N1.5m B. N2.0m C. the house D. the car 3. The shape of a production possibility frontier is determined by the A. increasing relative costs B. returns to scale C. diminishing returns to a fixed factor D. increasing returns to a variable factor. 4. Normative economics deals with A. what is and not what should be B. facts and not figures C. facts and figures D. value judgements 5. The determinants of elasticity include A. price time and availability of alternatives. B. technology and cost of production C. time and availability of alternatives D. price, time and technological changes.. 6. Period 1 Period 2 Family income N1,OOO, N1,500 Expenditure on clothing N100, N200 In the table above, the income elasticity of clothing is A. 0.5 B. 2.0 C. 2.5 D. 5.0 7. A capitalist economy is one characterized by the A. private ownership of factors of production B. ownership of factors of production by rich Members of the society C. use of capital and labour in fixed proportions during production D. use of capital intensive methods of production 8. In a planned economy, what shall be produced is determined primarily by A. what the consumer wants B. government decisions C. price mechanism D. the pattern of consumer spending. Use the diagram belowto answer questions 9 and 10 Do and SO are initial demand and supply curves with equilibrium at E1. Other supply and demand curves with equilibrium points are indicated. Economics 1999 B. ensure equitabledistribution ofincome and wealth C. determine thedemand for and thesupply of goods and services D. remove all the constraints on production of goods and services. 16. S/No. Sector No. of People I Agnculture, foreslry and fishing 10, 050 ll. Mining and quarrying 1, 500 III. Transport and communication 2, 000 000 IV. Manufacturing 1, 750, 000 V. Basic construction 750,000 VI. Distributive 3,000,000 Vll. Administration 1,250,000 Calculate the total number of people engaged in, tertiary production from the data above. A. 5 000 000 B. 6250000 C. 11 750 000 D. 12250000 17. One of the characteristics of an imperfect market is the A. large number of buyers and sellers in the market B. awareness of market conditions by buyers C. availability of substitutes D. heterogeneity of products. 18. A characlerislic of the average fixed cost is that, it A. rises and falls faster than the marginal cost B. is V-shaped and intersects the price axis C. is always higher than the average variable cost D. falls continuously but is never equal to zero 19. In perfect competition, every firm is a price A.makerB. taker C. giver D. bidder. 20. Given that the total fixed cost is HI 000, lotal variable cost N2 500 and the output, 100 unit Find the average lotal cost of producing one unit. A. N60 B. N45 C. N35 D. N30 21. Which of the following falis continuously as output expands? A..Average fixed cost. it B.Marginal cost. C. Average variable cost D. Averagc cost 22. Amajor obstacle to rapid agricultural development in Nigeria is the A. ineffective use of crude implements B. inabilily or farmers to adopt modem technology C. introduction of theGreen Revolulion prograrnme D. declining population growth rate. 23. The land tenure system in Nigeria impedes agricultural Production because . A. land fragmentation makes possible easy access to land ownership B. in discourages specialization of factors of production 9. Points E6 and Es are respectively equilibra points for A. DO and S0; Do and S2 B.D1 and S2; D2 and S0 C. D2 and S1;D2 and S2 D. D2 and S0; D0 and S2 10. Identify the three important factors that can make 80 to become either S1 or S2. A. Technology, weather and population B. Technology, price and tastes C. Weather, price and technology D. Population, weather and tastes 11. The graphs above illustrate A. joint demand B. derived demand C. compositedemand D. competitive demand. In the diagram above, the consum.er equilibrium at point A. G B. H C. J D. K. 13. A utilitymaximizinghouseholdwill allocateits expenditureso that A. morenaira is spenton commoditieswiththe highest utility B. less naira is spent on commoditieswith the loweSt utility C. the utility of the last naira spent on each commodityis equal D. the amount spent on each commodity is equal. 14. The downward sloping part of the long-run average cost curve of a firm may be attributable to A. diminishing returns B. the law of variable proportions C. diseconomies of scale D. increasing returns to scale. 15. Themain function of pricein theeconomicsystemif is to A. allocate scarce resources among competing uses Price (P) Quantity (Q) D D D 1 2 0 E E E E E E E E E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 S S S 1 0 2 P P 0 1 P P 0 1 S S 0 1 S S 0 1 D D q q 0 1 q q 0 1 O O D1 D1 D0 D0 S S C. it limits opportunity for mass production of agricultural goods D. small landholders generally do not get enough fertilizers to use. 24. The major problems of cooperative Societies in Nigeria is that. A .they oftenlack cohension and continuity B. their liability is unlimited tomembers C. voting is by proxy D. their management style is poor. 25. Theprimaryobjectiveofestablishing theExport Processing Zone is to A. facilitate agricultural production B. encourage the production and processing of export commodities C. erect structures that will facilitate the processing of imported rawmaterials D. erect economic structures near the port 26. The first petroleum exploring company to discover crude petroleum in Nigeria was A. Mobil B. Texaco C. Agip D. Shell-BP. 27. Concentrating industries in one place is advantageous because there are gains in terms of A. external economies B. internal economies C. economies of scale D. cost economies. 28. Import substitution industrialization refers to A. the concentration of industries for even development B. selling up of industries for regional development C. a situation in which local industries are set up to produce goods formerly imported D. the bann ing of imports which are substitutes for domestically produced goods. 29. An entrepreneur will continue to employ labour up to a point where A. costs areminimized B.maximum efficiency is attained C. wages are equal tomarginal product of labour D. marginal product of labour is equal to zero. 30. Optimum population is defined as the level of population at which A. per capita output ismaximized B. population is neither increasing nor decreasing C. total national income ismaximized D. marginal efficiency of population is maximized” 31. When a worker earns more than the wage just sufficient to keep him in his job the excess income is called A. an opportunity cost B. an economic rent C. transfer eamings D. surplus value 32. No Items Amount (Nm) 1. Wages 9000 2. Salaries 7000 3 Government pensions 1500 4 Unemployment pay and other social bene fits 1000 5. Rent and interest 1500 6. Profits 1500 From the table above calculate the national income. A. N18,500 m B. N19,OOO m C. N19,500 m D. N20,500m 33. National income at factor costmeans national income at A. current prices B. nomi nal prices C. last year price D. pricesbase year 34. The value of the multiplier depends on A. MPC and level of income B. level of pesonal income C. level of personal savings D. government policy andMPC 35. One of themajor problems of product distribution in most developing countries is A. lack of storage facilities B. large number ofmiddlemen C. inadequate manpower D. inadequate means of transportation 36. Non-bank financial intermediaries do not A. provide credit facilities B. accept deposits C. accept demand deposits D. sell shares. 37. Inflation which is caused mainly by increases in the prices of factors of production is described as A. cost-push inflation B. demand-pull inflation C. crawling infla tion D. spiral inflation. 38. The relationship between the value ofmoney and the price level is A. direct B. unpredictable C. diverse D. inverse. 39. People hold money for A. charity B. safe keeping C. profit making D. speculative purposes. 40. Bills of exchange originate from a A. central bank B. commercial bank C. commu nity bank D. development ba.nk 41. If high unemployment goes hand in hand with rising prices the situation created is 120 100 80 60 40 20 Scores 3. How many students took the examination? A. 280 B.240 C. 200 D. 80 4. If the pass mark was 40, how many students passed the examination? A. 100 B. 120 C. 160D.200 5. In a capitalist economy, the economic problem ofwhat goods to produce is decided mainly by A. shadow prices B. profit level C. relative prices D. a central planner. 6. Which ofthe followingisan example ofderiveddemand? A.Taxrelief.B.Labour.C.Wageincrease.D.Entertainment. A . hyper inflation B. stagflation C. moderate Inflation D. galloping Inflation. 42. One of the functions ofmoney is that it helps. A. detect frauds in matters of exchange B. postpone payments without loss of count C. store information about the intrinsic benefits of an item D. record information aboutthevaluation of an item. 43. Fiscal policy involves changes in A. open market operations B. revenue and expenditure of government C. money supply to the economy D. imports and exports. 44. Economic development maybe defined as economic growth A. in a given country B. over a long period C. and improved health facilities D. and improved distribution ofwealth. 45. The price of a good will not be affected by the imposition of a sales tax on it if the A. supply is inelastic B. demand is inelastic C. supply is perfectly elastic D. demand isperfectlyelastic. 46. A free trade area emerges when A. traders from one part of the country can move freely to other-parts B. customs regulations are harmonized among countries C. a group of countries decide to remove restrictions on im ports from one another D. the UNCTAD is in force. 47: Devaluation helps in checking adverse balance of payments if the A. demand for imports is e1astic B. demand for imports is inelastic C. supply of expor;ts is elastic D. demand for exports is inelastic. , 48. Gains from trade depends on A. comparative advantage B. absolute advantage C. distributive cost advantage D. absolute cost advantage. 49. Favourable terms of trade is importaflt to a country because it facilitates A. economic prosperity for importers and exporters B. export of hard currency by the government C. economic prosperity for the country D. import of hard currency by the government. 50. The most acceptable economicmeasure for trade protection is to A. improve standards of living B. protect Infant industries C. safeguard strategic industries D. promoteforeign trade. 1. Economics can be defined as A. reduction in spending in the face of competing alternatives B. allocation of resources to alternative uses C. economic behaviour of small units like the household and the firm D. the study of economic aggregates like inflation and national income. 2. I. What and howmuchwill be produced? II. Howwill it beproduced? III. Forwhomwill it be produced? IV. Howmuchwill be exported andconsumed? From the above, identify the combination of basic resource allocation questions in economic .analysis. A. 1.11 and III B. I,ll and IV C. I, III and.IV D. II, III an. IV J Use the histogra... belowto answer questio..s 3and 4 No. of 120 students No of students Economics 2000 D. consumer sovereignty is lacking. 14. The condition for equilibrium price and quantity under perfect competition is A.MC =AR=TRB.TC=AR=P C.MC=AR=P D.MC=AR=TC I5. External diseconomiesofscaleresult fromexcessivegrowth of A. the whole industry B. some sectors of the industry C. external factors D. internal factors. Use the table belowto answer questions 16 and 17. Variable Total Marginal Average Factor Product Product Product 1 1 1 1 2 6 5 3 3 24 18 8 4 48 X 12 5 Z 25 14.6 6 93 20 Y 16. Themarginal product Xis A. 18 B. 20 C. 24 D. 25 17. The average product Y is A. 8.0 B.12.0 C. 14.6 D. 15.5 18. In a small scale business. the fixed cost is #5 000.00. variable cost is #15 000.00 and the output is 500 units. What will be the unit cost of the goods? A. #400.00 B. #80.00 C. #40.00 D. #20.00 19. If a total cost curve is plotted, marginal cost can be illustrated by the A. slope of the tangent to the curve at any given output B. V-shaped curve cutting the total cost curve at its lowest point C. straigh linefromtheorigin to the midpoint ofthe curve D. straight line cutting the curve at its highest point. 20. In a price-laking firm, the portion UT above is the firm's . A. average revenue curve B. supply curve C. demand curve D. long-run average cost curve. Usetheinformationbelowtoanswerquestions7and8. When commodityX sold for N25 per unit, 50 units of commodityYwere purcnased.With an increase in the price of commodityX toN5Q per unit, the demand for commodityY fell to 2{) units. ,r 7. Determine the cross elasticity of demand. A. 1.7 B.0. 6 C. -0.6 D. -1.7 8. The two commodities can be classified as A. substitutes B. durable and non-durable C. intermediate and final D. complements. 9. A centrnl argument of cardinal utility is that utility is A. measurnble B. psychological C. ranked D. intangible. 10. In the diagram above, L1. L1. and L2L2 are budget lines.I1.,I2 and I3 are indifference curves.Which poin are optimal? A. UandW. B. Uand Z. C. VandW. D. Yand Z. Usethediagramsbelowtoanswerquestions11and12. 11. Commodities 1 and II are in A. competitive supply B. joint supply C. substitute supply D. derived supply. 12. The supply of commodity II increasing from S1S1 to S2S2 A. leads to a fall in price fromOP1 toOP2 B. moves the pricebelowOP2 C. increases the price fromOP2 toOP1 D. moves the price to OP1 13. In a freemarket system, trading can onlytakeplacewhen the A. market is not working efficiently B. equilibriumprice is attained C. price of a commodit tends to attract consumers Good one Good two L L 1 2 V L1 I1 I2 W I3 Y Z U O PP 1 2 PP 1 2 Q Q Quantity 1 2 Q Q Quantity 1 2 S S S S S S D1 D1 D1 D1 D2 D2 D2 Price Price O O Commodity I Commodity II (MC AVC) O Quantity W U T MC L AVC 21. The short-run equilibrium in a perfectly competitive market requires that A. marginal cost be equal to total revenue B. marginal cost and marginal revenue be equal C. costs aremutually determined by buyers and sellers D. themarginal cost curve cuts the total cost curve. 22. Quantity Total Revenue from sales of commodity sold of commodity 43 #228.00 44 #233.00 45 #238.00 The firm whose sales and total revenue of the commodity as given above is A. a monopolist B. a monopolistic competitor, C. a perfect competitor D. an oligopolist. 23. At the point where marginal revenue of a monopolist is equal to zero, its total revenue will be A. falling B. rising C. equal to zeroD.maximum. 24. A distinguishing characteristic of cooperative societies is that voting power depends on the A. number of shares held B. status of the member C. equality of members D.management's decision. 25. The concept of privatization presupposes A. efficiency B. market price C. indigenization D. foreign trade. 26. One problem in themarketing of agricultural product in Nigeria is A. the seasonal nature of the commodities' B. high price of the commodities C. the changing tastes of consumers D. inadequate storage facilities. 27. Increased output will cause farmers' revenue to decrease whenmarket demandis A. elasticB. inelasticC. unitaryelasticD.perfectlyelastic. 28. A primary industry is concerned with A. extraction of resources in their raw state B. the operation of small scale enterprises C. the economic activities of primary producers D. clearing and cultivation of land only. 29. The slow pace of industrial growth in Nigeria can be attributed to A. overdependence on the oil sector B. inadequate number of unskilled labour .~ C. lack of rawmaterials D. inadequate infrastructural facilities. 30. Industries contribute to national economic develop ment because they A. utilize local rawmaterials B. employ an increasing number of labour C. provide recreational facilities D. usemodern machineswhichreplacehuman labour. 31. The Nigerian economy ismonocultural because government revenue is derived mainlYfrom A. agriculture B. manufacturing C. coal D. crude oil. 32. As a producers' association, the OPEC expects its memberstomaintain produc- tionwh'eremarginal costis A. greater than price B. less than price C. equal to price D. equal to average cost. 33. A well conducted census is important for A. effective defence B. effective revenue generation C. good economic planning D. optimum population. 34. The age distribution of a country's population determines the A. ratio of the de- pendent to the working group B. total age of all working class adults C.male female ratioD. percentage ofmarriedwomen. 35. Firms continue to employworkers until the wage rate equals the. A. average product of labour B. marginal revenue product of labour C. total product of labour D. sumofmarginal revenueand averagerevenue of labour. 36. SL = supply curve of labour DL = demand curve of labour In the diagram above, ifW1, W2, W3 and W4 are different wage rates, theminimum wa~rate is A. W4 B. W3 C. W2 D.W1 37. A major effect of a long distribution chain is A. high retail prices B. scarcity of commodities C. lowretail prices D. lowproducer earnings. 38. The major function of the wholesaler to his customers is A. breaking of bulk B. offering personal services C. stocking a variety of goods D. providing trans- port facilities. Wage W WWW Labour 1 2 3 4 SL DL 39. Which of the fo!lowing is used for measuring national Income? A. Output income and wages. B. Import expenditure and output. C. Income, output and ex penditure. D. Export, import and output. 40. Exclusions that makeGross National Product a poor measure ofwelfare are A. government purchases B. government militaryoutlays C. wages and sala ries D. housewives' services. 41. An increase inmoneysupply, other things being equal,will A. lower interest rates B. reduce income C. ensure trade balanceD. increase money demand. 42. Apersistent rise in the general level of prices Implies A. an Increase In some prices B. aone-timeriseinpr:ices C. a steady fall in the purchasing power of money D. that thehigher thepricelevel, themorethe value ofmoney. 43. Two principal ways bywhich banks can lend money to their customers are through A. loans and overdrafts B. loans and discounting bills C. overdrafts and cheques D. overdrafts and treasurybills. 44. A capital market differs fromthemoneymarket in that in the former A. loan sought is short term B. loan repayment is guaranteed C. loan sought is long term D. the percentage of interest charged is more. 45. An aspect oftaxation that involves normative economics is the A. tax rate B. effect on incentive to work C. fairness of the tax D. tax burden. 46. Public, debt is composed of A. internal debts andWorld bank loans B. money owed to local and foreign contractors C. internal and external debts D. loans granted by IMF andADB 47. A country exporting mainlyprimary products and with a hign percentageof her labourforcein agriculture is said to be A. developing B. developed C. poor D.underdeveloped: 48. A country's import price index by 1995was 50 and her indexofexportpricewas70.Calculatetheterms oftrade. A. 20% B. 8.71% C. 120% D. 140%. 49. If the United Kingdom buys gold for £ 60 an ounce and Nigeria buys the same ounce for N500, what will beUnited Kingdom's exchange rate with Nigeria? A. £ 0.05 = N1.00 8. B. £ 0.06 =N1.00 C. £0.11 =N1.00 D. £0.12 =N1.00. 50. Being a member of theOPEC, Nigeria is in a favourable position to A. export her crude oil B. control world crude oil prices C. reap the benefit of a cartel D. borrow money frommembers. Economics 2001 1. If the pice elasticity of demand for a good isO.43, an increase in the price of the good will result in ; A. an increase in profit by43% B. a net gain C.a decrease in profit by43% D. a net loss 2. In a freemarket economy thepricesystem allocates resources A. under government's directives B. to ensure general welfare C. to their best alternative uses D. to reduce poverty. 3. At consumer equilibrium, the slope of the indifference curve is A. half the slope of the budget constraint line B. equal to the slope of the budget constraint line C. greater than the slope of the budget constraint line D. less than the slope of the budget constraint line. 4. For a supplycurve, an increase in the price of a commodity willresultin A. a decrease in supply B. a decrease in the quantity supplied C. an increase in supply D. an increase in the quantity supplied. 5. A nominal good with close substitutes is likely to have price elasticity of demand A. between zero and one B. equal to unity C. less than unityD. greater than unity. 6. Economics is regarded as a social science because it A. adopts the scientific method in production B. is an agent of socialization C. the scientific medod in the study of human behaviour D. deals with social problems. . 7. The diagram above shows the total utility curve. At the pointM, marginal utility A. increases B. is unity C. diminishes D. is zero. 8. A change in supply is best described as a A. movement along the supplyC&D'Ve B. shift of the supply curve to the left or to the right C. shift of the supply curve to the left D. shift of the supply curve to the right 9. When a generalization is made based on ohserved facts, it is known as A. deductive reasoning B. inductive reasoning C. theoretical reasoning D. normative reasoning. 10. Amajor problem facing all economies is howto A. increase consumption of imported goods B. improve trade among nations C. transformfroma developing In a developed economy D. allocate scarce resources. 11. A vertical supply curve indicates that A. the quantity supplied is responsive to price B. thesamefixedquacl;itywill resupplied nomatter theprice C. an increase in pricewill result in an increase in the quantity supplied D. there is a fixed price for the commodity below which no supplywill be made. 12. In a demand curve. the lelationship between price and quantity is Ain determine B. direct C. nil D. inverse. 13. If die arithmetic mean of 1, 2, 5, 6, and i8 is 8.0,find the value of .x A.7.0 B. 6.0 C. 8.5 D. 8.0 14. The fixing of the price of an item above or below the equilibrium price ismostlikely to take place in a A. centrally planned economyB. free market economy C. developed economy D. mixed economy. 15. Aconsumer's scale of preference is an arrangement ofhis A. scarce resources in order of iniportance B. needs in order of importance C. sources of income and their importance D. requirement and how to satisfy them. 16. Afirm’s shut-down point is reached when the average revenue fails to cover the A. average variable cost B. marginal cost C. average total cost D. average fixed cost 17. Internal economies of scale are expected to bring about A. an increase in short-run average cost B. an increase-in long-run average cost C. a decrease in long-run average cost D a decrease in short-run avtrage cost. 18. In the long- run amonopolistmaximizes his profit when the marginal cost equals A. total revenue B. marginal revenue C. average cost D. price. 19. The long run is a period duringwhich a firm A. sells input to purchase fixed asset B. varies all its inputs C. sources all its inputs from within D. replaces all its inputs. 20. An important feature of perfect competition is that A. the movement of goods and services is restricted B. there is adequate knowledge of existing prices C. prices are centrally administered D. individual economic units can influence prices. 21. If government fixes price belowthe equilibrium price, what effect will it have on demand? A. Quantity demanded and supplied will be equal. B. Quantitysuppliedwill begreater than quantity demanded. C. Quantitydemanded will increase. D. Quantity demanded will decrease. 22. An imperfect market exists-;here A. the product is homogenous B. there is perfect information among the few buyers and sellers C. both buyers and sellers have free entry into and free exit fromthemarket D. the location of some sellers gives them an advantage over others. 23. A production function relates A. cost to output B. wage to profit C. cost to input D. oulput to input. 24. The table below shows demand schedule for eggs. Price per Qty demanded Qty. supplied dozen (#) (in dozen) (in dozen) 100 410 570 90 450 530 80 490 490 70 530 450 60 570 410 Total Utility O Quantity What is the equilibriumprice? A.NIOOB.NII0 C.N6O D.N80 25. A major advantage of specializatiun and division of labour is that A. timewastagewill be minimized B. trade unions will be encouraged C. were will be a readymarket for labour D. workers will be adequately rewarded. 26. Which of lhe following is an example of a fixed cost? A. Fuel cost. B. Electricitybill. C. Rent on building. D. Transportation cost. 27. In the agricultural sector, improvedextension services facilitate A. acquisilion of techniques B. arabic crop production C. mobility of labour D. livestock production. 28. A disadvantage of concentrating industries in an area is that it could A. lead La collusion amongwe firms B. result in environmental pollution C. bring about dieconomies of scale D. increase lhe cost of production. 29. The losses suffered by a sole proprietor are A. usually equal to the amount invested B. usually less than the amount invested C. limited to the amount invested D. not limited to the amount invesled. 30. Tofacilitatetheexportationofcrudeoil fromNigeria.special A. airtrips were constructed for jets toevacuate the oil B. roadswere built to connect themajor oil wells to the ports C. pipelines were laid to connect the major oil wells to the ports D. railway lines were constructed to connect the major oil wells to the ports. 31. An industry is a A. company producing unrelated commodities B. group of firms producing related commodities C. group of firms producing distinct commodities D. firmproducing differentiated commodities. 32. The raising of funds by selling stocks to the public is called A. equity financing B. stock financing C. debt financing D. loan financing. 33. Atax that increases at a higher percentage as income increases is called A. a proportional tax B. a regressive tax C. a progressive tax D. an income tax. 34. The price paid for labour services is the A. commission rate B. wage rate C. income rate .D. salary rate. 35. The capital market is amarket for tnKJin:9(:" financial assets such as A. bankers acceptances B. treasury bills C. long-termsecurities D. commercial papers. 36. In national income accounting. NNP is derived by subtracting from the GNP A. uansfer payments B. indirect taxes C. allowance for wastage D. capital consumption. 37. Economic growth can be accelerated through A. balancing of savings and consumption B. postponement of current consumption C. planned current consumption D. increased current consumption. 38. An increase in the discount rate is an indication of a Central Banks intention to pursue A. an expansionarymonetary policy B. a disciplinedmonetary policy C. a dynamic monetary policy D. a contractionarymonetary policy. 39. The efficiency of labour can be. increased by A. constant training of workers B. retirement'ofworkers on a regular basis C. engaging expatriates only D. placing an embargo on recruitment. . 40. In Nigeria, revenue sharing from the Federation accou.nt is between the A. executive the judiciary and the legislature B. federal and state governments and the. parastatals C. federal and state governments and the senate D. federal state and local governments. . 41. The reduction of high fertility rate is a measure in population control designed to make the A. female population higher than themale B. female and male population equal C. male population higher than the female D. growth in population more sustainable 42. National debt is an expected outcome of a A. deficit budget B. consolidated budget C. balanced budget D. surplus budget. 43. The distribution channel that contributes most to the cost of productfon is A. producer-wholesaler-consumer B. producer-retailer-consumer C producer -retailer -wholesaler-consumer D. producer -wholesaler-retailer -consumer 44. Money may not be accepted as a store of value if A. its value is unstable B. it is easily transferable C. its value is stable D. it is easily divisible 45. In order to accelerate economic development a country must A stimulate her population growth rate B. pursue a high population growth rate C. pursue arational populationpolicy D. pursue an incremental population policy. 46. If the laboul force in a given communityis 2,000,000, in thewage employment 200,000 and the unemployed are 80,000,what is the unemployment rate in the community? A. 0.4% B. 40.0% C. 10.0% D. 0.4.0% 47. GNP is not a good measure of social welfare because there are unrecorded A. indirect taxes B. social costs C. government subsidies D. transfer payments 48. The loans from theWorld Bank to developing countries are mainly to support A. the establishment ofmore universities B. capital-intensive technology C. infrastructural investments D. their lowlevel of consumption. 49. The major reason why nations engage in international trade is that A. it allows free movement of factors of production B. it makes possible the use of capitalintensive method of production. C. nations are substantially different in their endowments of economic resources D. it affords the trading nations the opportunity to earn high profit. 50. Acountrywith over-valued currencywill A. expect balance of payments surplus B. have increased demand for her exports C. increase her foreign reserve D. decrease her foreign reserve Economics 2002 1. If goods P and Q are purchased by a consumer, a fall in the price of P with the price ofQ unchanged will cause the budget line to A. rotate outwards away from the origin B. Shift parallel inwards C. rotate inwards towards the origin D. shift parallel outwards 2. One ofthe reasons for an exceptional demand curveis the A. availability of credit facilities B. availability of substitutes C. change in the price of thecommodity D. expectation of a futur change in price. 3. The elasticity of supply of perishable goods is A. elastic B. zero C. inelastic D. unitary 4. In the pie chart above, the percentage for children is equivalent to A. 2880 B.1440 C.900 D. 720 Children 40% 35% Women 25% Men 5. In the diagram above, the marginal rate of substitution of X for Yfor amovemer from S toTis A.5:1 B.1:5 C.18:4 D.13:3 6. A scientific approach in economic entails A. a normative method only B. both inductive and deductiv methods C. a deductive method only D. both inductive and normative methods. 7. In a centrally planned economy. the economic problem of deciding what to produce is dependent on A. state command B. relative prices C. average cost D. average profit. 8. A shift in supply curve indicates that a different quantity will be supplied at each possible price because A. supply is facing competition B. consumers are willing to pay higher prices C. price has changed D. other factors than price have changed Good Y 18- 15- 13- 9- 6- 0- 1 2 3 4 Good X 9. The demand for factors of production is an example of A. competitive demand B. derived demand C. composite demand D. joint demand 10. A student as N30.00 willl which to buy a ruler costing N18.00 and an exercise book costingN25.00. If he buys the exercise book.His opportunity cost is A. the exercise book B.N25.00 C.N18.00 D. the ruler. 11. Import substitution aims at A. substituting agricultural productswith , industrial ones B. substituting imports with agricultural exports C. improving the balance of payments D. the diversification of industries. 12. Some of the key indicators of 'I underdevelopment in a country are A. poverty low level of literacy and low income B. poverty lowincome and low unemployment level C poverty high level of literacy and low Income D. lowlevel of illiteracy, lowincome and' poverty 13. ECOWAS has taken a giant step towards economic integration by A. Iintroducing a common currency for' traveilers B. presenting a united front against foreign economicexploiters. C. holding frequentmeetings at various state capitals D. increasingeconomic', stabilityamongmember states. 14. One of themajor factors militating against industrialization in Nigeria is the A. frequent breakdown of equipment B. failure to get foreign partners and supporters C. inadequacy of infrastructural facilities D. absence of government participation. 15. The types sources and uses of government income aremainly concerned with A. public budget B. public finance C. public expenditure D. public revenue 16. The present privatization policy in Nigeria is aimed at A. reducing the prices of goods and services B. increasing efficiency in production C. poverty alleviation D. reducingincom~inequality 17. One of the roles of the NNPC in the production and refining of crude oil is to A. securemaximumgovernment revenueand regulateprice B. protect the local operators in the petroleum industry. C. prevent the smuggling of petroleum products D. satisfy the domestic consumption petroleum products. 18. One way of correcting the balance payments problem of a country is to A. devalue the currency B. introduce import-promotion measures C.deemphasizeimport D. buy investments abroad 19. One of the problems arising fromthe localization of industries is A. high prices of output B.structural unemployment C. the exportation of output D. thescarcityof foreignexchange. 20. Themajor purposeof theAfricanDevelopmentBank is to A. educatepeasant farmers in new techniques B provide loans for development banks in distress C. provide loans fo infrastructural development D. provide loans for trade development. 21. As a country gets more developed, th percentage of labour engaged in agriculture tends to A. switch over to trading B. remain constant C. increas steadily D. decrease steadily 22. A deficit budget can be used to A. starve the economy of funds economic development B. protect t economy from inflation C. stimulate recovery fromtrade depression provide measures to remedy D. balance of payments. 23. In the diagrams above, the Opportunity cost of a unity of cotton in terms cocoa is A. 20 for Ghana 60 forNigeria B. 1/4 forGhana 1/2 for Nigeria C. 5Ghana 30 for Nigeria D. 4forGhan forNigeria. 24. External finance for a limited lial company ismainly sourced throug A. the issuing of shares ` B. the least equipment C. trade credits D. loans 25. One of the major criticisms of the 1962NationalDevel opment Plan that A. its execution was based on foreign-sourced financial measures resources B. it failed to Cocoa Tonnes 20 Ghana Cotton (Tonnes) Cocoa Tonnes 20 Nigeria Cotton (Tonnes) 5 5 incorporate lessons gained from earlier plans to enhance efficiency C. planned expenditure based too heavily on expected ear from crude oil. D. it came too quick after the country's independence 26. Which of the following yields more revenue to Nigeria? A. Value added tax B.Royalties C.Direct tax D.Indirecttax 27. In the short run a firm's marginal cost curve above the point of shut-down in it's A. supply curve B. revenue curve C. demand curve D. cost curve 28. The benefits that accrue to a firm as a result of an improvement in the industry it belongs to are called A. internal economies of scale B. market economies C. external economies of scale D. economies of scale 29. As a firm increases its output the average fixed cost A. tends to decrease continuously B. rises and then falls C. remains constant D . tends to rise continuously 30. The economic policy of deregulation is aimed at encouraging A. a competitive market structure B. an oligopolistic market structure C. a duopolistic market structure D. a monopolistic market structure . 31. The effect of an increase in demand for a commodity accompanied by a decrease in supply will be to A. decrease the equilibrium quantity and affect the price in an indeterminateway B. raise the price of the commodity and affect the quantity in an indeterminate way C. lower its pricewhile affecting the equilibrium quantity in an- indeterminateway D. raise its price aswell as the equilibrium quantity. . 32. Under conditions of perfect competition a firm's supply curve is determined by it's A. fixed cost curve B. variable curve cost C. total cost curve D. marginal cost curve 33. The short-run equilibrium output for a monopolist is determined by the A. intersection of the marginal cost and marginal revenue curves B. highest point on the total revenue curve C. intersection of the average revenue and average cost curves D. minimum point on the average cost curve 34. In the diagram above what is the excess demand at the price ofN60? A. 3000 B. 100 C. 600 D 200 35. The equilibrium wage in an economy is determined by the A. supply and demand for labour B. rate of inflation C. workers' union D. public service .36. If the growth rate of available resources continuously outpaces that of the population, a country will eventually experience A. under population B. maximumpopulation C. optimistic D. a decrease in output-input ratio 37. The middlemen in the chain of distribution are A. wholesalers and retailers B. manufacturers and consumers C. consumers and wholesalers D. retailers and consumers 38. The Malthusian theory of population growth is often said to be A. oversimplified B. ambiguous C.optimistic D.pessimistic 39. Improved labour efficiency can be measured by A. the constancy of input-output ratio B. an increase in input- output ratio C. an increase in output-input ratio D. a decrease in output-input ratio 40. National income estimates can be used to A. compare a country's growth rate with that of another over a period of time. B. differentiatebetween therich ana thepoor in a country C. prepare a country's annual budget D. project the level of a country's economic development 41. In Nigeria, the bank that can correctly be described as a unit bank is A. theCentral Bank B. CcommunityBank C. People's Bank D. Mortgage Bank P(#) 60 0 100 200 300 Q D S Economics 2003 1. The price of a good rises from N5 toN8 and the quantity demanded falls from 200 to 190 units. Over this price range, the demand curve is A. fairly inelastic B. fairly elastic C. perfectly inelastic D. perfectly elastic 2. In economis analysis, a statement is said tobenormalizeif,it A. can be tested scientifically B. relates to value judgment C. is contradictory D. is incorrect 3. Utility is the satisfaction derived from A. production B. distribution C. consumption D. demand 4. If there is and increase in demand without a corresponding increase in supply, there will be A. fall in price B. rise in price C. shift in supply curve to the right D. shift in demand curve to the left Use the production possibility curve of a country represented in the diagram belowto answer questions 5 and 6 42. Creeping inflation implies that there is a A. rapid but not permanent Increase In the general pricelevel B. gentlebut not permanent increase in the general pricelevel C. rapid andpersistent increasein the general price level D. gentleand persistent increase in thegeneral price level. 43. In a closed economy, the marginal propensity to consume is 0.6 and the average propensity to consume 0.8. The value of the multiplier is A. 2.7 B. 2.6 C. 2.4 D. 2.5 44. Excess demand inflation can be controlled through A. contractionary trade policy B. expansionarymonetary policy C. contractionary fiscal policy D. expansionary fiscal policy 45. The primary objective of theNDIC is to A. provide regulations guiding the finance houses B. give protectiqll to banks against fraud C. give protection to bank depositors D. give protection to the CBN against fraud. 46. Liquidity preference refers to the A. wish to hold more funds for precautionary purposes B. need to increase the money supply in order to lower the interest rate C. demand to hold money as assets rather than as stocks D. need to borrow money for short periods tomeet some temporary crises. 47. If the country's GNPin the current year is N65 billion and the GNP deflator is A. 30.0 B. 130.0. C.15.0 D. 1.3 48. Insurance companies invest mainly in instruments traded on the A. commoditymarket B. open market C. capitalmarket D.moneymarket 49. The solution to the problem of double coincidence of wants requires a buyer and a seller whose demands are precisely A. complementary B. supplementary C. composite D. competitive 50. The stock exchange is a market for the buying and selling of A. existing shares B. monetary instruments C. new shares D. treasury bills. 5. An improvement in technologywill enable the country to produce at A. V B. W C. X D. Z 6. If the country is currently producing at point Y, it can increase production of producer goods by moving to the point A. v B. W C. X D. Z 7. In the table above, the price of commodity y is N2 and that of x is N1 while the individual has an income ofN12. Determine the combination of the two commodities the individual should consume to maximize his utility A 3y and 3x B.6y and 4x C. 3y and 6x D.5y and 5x 8. When two variables are positively related, the graph of the relationship A. is a straight line B. is a downward-sloping curve C. is an upward sloping curve D. has a negative intercept 20. Insurance companies, pension and provident funds and unit thrusts are all examples of A government financial agencies B. non-govenmental organizations C. non-bank financial institutions D. rural-based revenue mobilisers 21. For a firm, value addedcan be defined as the difference between the A. value of its output and the cost of production B. total revenue and toatla cost C. input prices and product prices D. value of its output and inputs purchased fromother firms 22. Securities are described as listed when they are: A. bought and sold purely for development purposes B. mobilized as short-term debt instruments C. Mobilized as long-term debt instrument D. Traded on a recognized stockmarket 23. The commercial banks differ from non-bank financial institutions because they A. accept deposits withdrawable by cheque B. mobilize savings C. invest surplus plus D. contribute to economic development 24. Inflation that is usually associated with periods of trade boom is A cost-push inflation B.demand-pull inflation C. creeping inflation D. stagnation 25. The term “Near Money” is best described as A. a financial assets that is convertible to cash B. a financial instrument that is readily convertible to cash C. government financial instrument that is convertible to cash D. time deposits with lowinterest rates 26. The distinguishing characteristic between the money market and the capital market lies in whether the A. findsmobilized are private or public B. securities are primary or secondary C. debt instruments provided are long-term or short-term D. securities are in debentures of ordinary shares. 9. For an inferior good, a decrease in real income lead to A. an outward shift of the demand curve B. an inward shift of the demand curve C a lowed equilibrium price D. a change in quantity demanded 10. In a planned economy the emphasis is on A. individual choice and decisions B. public ownership and control C. private ownership and control D. prices and competition 11. Price elasticity of supply is a ratio of the change in A. quantity supplied to the c change in demand B. original quantity to a change in newquantity C. quantity supplied to the change in price D. price to the change in quantity supplied. 12. the long-run average cost curve is called a planning curve because it shows what happens to costs when A. variable inputs are increased B. fixed factors are increased C. different sizes of plants are built D. a bigger size of plants is built 13. Imperfect market is characterized by A. many buyers and few sellers B. a large number of buyers and sellers C. non-preferential treatment D. perfect mobility of factors of production 14. Short-run period in production is a period for a firm to be able to change its A. variable inputs B. total outputs C. total revenue D. scale of operation Use the table below to answer questions 15 and 16 Output produced Fixed cost Total cost per day (unit) per day (N) per day (N) 20 60 100 30 60 120 40 60 130 50 60 135 60 60 150 70 60 170 80 60 190 15. The ATC at 30 units of output is A. 120.000 B.N60.00 C.N40.00 D.N3.00 16. At 60 units of output, the AVC is A. N150.00 B. N90.00 C.N2.50 D.N1.50 17. Ifthedemand curvefacinga frim issharplydownward sloping, thefirmislikelytobe A. a perfect competitor B. a monopolistic competitor as it can have a limited influence as it can have a limited influence on price C. an oligopolist as it can collude with other firms to have some influence on price 18. A normal supply curve is usually positively sloped A. because the relationship between B. supply and price is negative C. price and demand is negative D. price and supply is positive 19. The best method of production in an under-populated country is A. labour-extensive B. land-intensive C. capital-intensive D. labour-intensive 36. Statutory organisations usually established by Acts of parliament are called A. public enterprises B. public corporations C. cooperative societies D. joint-stock companies 37. A greater burden of the taxes on essential goods is borne by the A. higher income group B. newly recruitment workers C. lower income group D. contract workers 38. Privatizationand commercializationofpublicenterprisesin Nigeria is necessitated by A. the IMF conditions B.the IBRD conditions C. the government’s loss of interest in them D. their operational inefficiency 39. The theory of comparative advantage states that a commodityshould be produced in that nationwhere the A. absolute cost is least B.absolute money cost is least C. opportunity cost is least D. production possibility curve increases 40. Theeffect ofan increasein thepersonal incometax is to A. raise the absolute price level B.distort the economy C. reduce unemployment D. reduce the disposable income 41. An important factor hindering the rapid development of the industrial sector in Nigeria. A. excessive demand for finished products B. the dominance of the oil sector C. rural-urban migration D. inadequate infrastructure facilities 42. The demand for labour is an example of A. competitive demand B. derived demand C. composite demand D. joint demand 43. The major role ofmulti-national companies in the petroleum industry in Nigeria is A. oil prospecting only B. oil marketing only C. the establishment of refineries D. oil marketing prospecting 44. Fixingthe prices ofagricultural products canbea problem because of the A. unpredictable output of farmers B. instability of government policies C. activities of marketing boards D. size of agricultural exports 45. Occupational mobility as applied to factors of production means the case by which A. factors can be transferred fromone placeto another B. factors can be transferred from one form mof use to another C. resources can be transferred from one place to another D. resources can be transformedfromoneformto another 27. IfNigeria’s composite price index in 1999was 140.03%and 144.05%in 2000, the rate of inflation in 2000was A. 4.02% B. 2.10% C. 2.06% D. 1.03% 28. The monetary control instrument most effectively used by the Central Bank of Nigeria is the A. discount rate B. reserve ration C. margin requirements D. open market operations 29. The major objectives of a revenue allocation formula in a country is to A. share revenue between the public and private sectors B. ensure the financial viability of the country C. share revenue between the different tiers of government D. divert revenue from areas of surplus to areas of need 30. The effectiveness of devaluation as a solution to a balance of payments problems depends on the A. relative elasticities of demand B. foreign investments of business C. value of visible and invisible goods D. value of invisible items of both domestic and foreign trades 31. IBRD as an international monetary institution is concerned with the A. balance of payments problems of member nations B. financing of private business in member nations C. development of infrastucture in member nations D. improvement of trade amongmember nation 32. An advantage of the soleproprietorship over the partnership form of business organization is that A. it enjoys limited liabilityfor debt in theevent offailure B. Itsexistenceis limited btyanindividual’s lifespan C. It relies on the decision of friends to succeed D. The possibility of conflict is management in virtually non-existent 33. The distinction between capital and recurrent expenditure lies in the A. amount of expenditure involved B. source of the revenue generated C. nature of the goods and services to be provided D. time frame o the expenditure 34. Under afloating exchangerateregime,thedeterminantof theexchangerate is A. the system of government B. demand for and supply of foreign goods C. the highest denomination of the currency an act of the national assembly 35. To compare the standard of livingamong nations, the most widely used economic indicator is the A. per capital nominal income B. real domestic output C. real gross national income D. real per capital income 46. Thelabour force of acountrycan be determinebyxamining the A. Sex distribution of the population B. Occupations distribution of the population C. age structure of the population D. geographical distribution of the population 47. Two basis features common to an industry are A. similarity of products and production processes B. similarity of products and source of raw materials C. production processes and source of capital D. source of capital ands labour supply 48. A country is said to be over populated when A. there are too many able-bodied men and women in the country Economics 2004 1. Byadvertising,amonopolisticcompetitive firmtries toshift its A. supply curve to the right B. demand curveto the right C. supply curve to the left D. demand curve to the left 2. Given than Y = C + I and C = bY where b = 0.8, what is the multiplier? A. 5 B. 10 C. 4 D. 2 3. TheroleoftheCentralBankin theeconomicdevelopment ofNigeria is to A. giveshort-andmedium-termloanstothepublic B. give financial and technical adviceto customers C. use the cheques and bank drafts to facilitate business transactions D. maintain a stable price system 4. Theprimaryfunction ofnon-bank financial institutions is to A. manageinvestment portfolios for government B. mobilize saving for investment C. grant loans to banks D. receive deposits from banks 5. At themaximum point of the total product curve of a firm,marginal revenue is A decreasing B. increasing C. constant D. zero 6. In a n open economy, the GNP is measured as A. C+I+G+X B.C+I+G+(X-M) C. C+I+G+MD. C+I+G 7. The diagram above represents the short-run position of a monopolist. The profit-maximizing output is A. Q3 B. Q4 C. Q1 D. Q2 8. The capital market provides business firm with the avenue to A. lease capital equipment B. obtain long-term funds C. obtain short-term fundsD.purchasecapitalequipment 9. Which of the financial institution is charged with the formulation ofmonetary policies in Nigeria? A. The Central Bank ofNigeria B. TheNigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation C. TheAbuja CommodityExchange D. The Lagos Stock Exchange 10. GDP differs from GNP becauseGDP A. is inclusive of depreciation B. emphasizes the final goods and services C. producedwithin the countryat a particular period D. emphasizes the market value of all final goods and services produced by nationals 11. The distinction between perfect competition and monopolistic competition is that the latter is characterized by A. a single market price B. many buyers and sellers C. product differentiation D. homogeneity of product 12. Thedownstreamactivitiesofoilcompanies inNigeria involve A. refining and distribution B. prospecting and drilling C. Off-shore drilling D. Management of spillage and pollution 13. Themovement of goods and services from the products to the consumers is refereed to as A. external trade B. the distribution chain C. the circular flow D. consumption 14. The purpose of conducting a census is to enable a country to A. plan her capital inflowand outflow B. determine the growth rate of population C. determine the optimum level of population D. plan her growth and development 15. Amajor cause of the slowpace of industrialization in Nigeria is inadequate A. rawmaterials B. landmass C. skilled labour D. communal labour B. the resources are more than enough to cater for the population C. the size of the population is greater than the annual budget D. the resources are inadequate to cater for the population 49. When a union is composed of workers with same skill, it is called A. an industrial union B. a workers’ union C. a craft iunion D. a technical union 50. An adverse environmental impact of the petroleum industry on the economy is A. the vandalisation of oil equipment B. oil spillage C. communal riots 16. Themaximum wage legislation seeks to A. fix wages above the equilibrium wage rate B. set wages belowthe equilibrium wage rate C. deter employers fromexploiting their employees D. ensure an upper limit to the wages payable 17. Themarketing of agricultural commodities inNigeria is hampered by A. lack of adequate storage facilities B. the existence of farmers’ associations C. the existence of commodity exchange D. the abolition of ,arketing boards. 18. Import duty concessions on industrial inputs directly benefit the A. consumers B.external sector C. commercial sector D. manufacturers 19. The labour force in Nigeria falls between the ages of A. 18 and 45 B. 18 and 55 C.18 and 60 D. 18 and 30 20. Government’s involvement in agricultural business in Nigeria’s ismost manifested in the A. establishment of farm settlements in each state of the federation B. establishment of credit guarantee schemes for small-scale farmers C. formation of farmers’ cooperative socities D. procurement and distribution of fertilizers 21. The difference between birth and death rates of a given population is referred to as the A. mortality rate B. fertility rate C.natural growth rate D. linear growth rate 22. Fiscal policy is the government’s plan to control aggregate demand bymanipulating A. the demand and supply of money B. revenue and expenditure C. tastes and preferences of consumers D, the structure of production and employment 23. A country is said to have absolute advantage when she A.has a higher opportunity cost in the production of a good B.can sell to oother countrieswithout buying fromthem C.can producemore of anygood with fewer resources D.has a lower opportunity cost in the production of a good. 24. The European Union was formed to promote free trade within member nations A. Promote free tradewithin members nation. B.Promoteeconomicintegration innon-member countries C. Assist countries to achieve their economic goals D. Finance development projects in member nations. 25. if budget deficits are financed by borrowing, the crowding-out effects can be offset by an increase in A. government expenditure B. savingsC.interest rates D. exchange rates 26. Whentheimportation ofacommodityis limitedto a definite quantity, the trade control means used is known as A. exchange control B. tax relief C. devaluation D. quotas 27. Theexcessofaggregateexpenditureover fullemploment level of output is referred to as A. GNP gap B. Deflationary gap C. Inflationary gap D. recessionary gap 28. The tax levied on goods and services at each stage of production is A. surfax B. VAT C.Ad valorem tax D. PAYE 29. The number of shareholders in a private limited liability company ranges from A. two to seven B. two to three C. two to fifty D. two to twenty 30. Amajor reason for havingnationaldevelopment plan is to A. ensure efficient use of available resources B. involve people in national programmes C. make government spendmore on production D. ensurethatmorecitizens areinvolved in planning 31. The difference between payments and receipts for visible trade is called A. bilateral trade B.current balance C.balanceofpayment D. balance of trade 32. One of the cause of the present high rate of inflation in Nigeria is A.Increasing budget surplus B. Increasing factors costs C.Exchangerateappreciation D.High capacityutilization 33. The final stage in the production process of anycommodity involves itsmovement fromthe A. retailer tothewholesaler B. producer tothewholesaler C. retailer totheconsumerD.wholesaler totheretailer 34. A change in demand for a normal good means A. a shift in the demand curve B. a change in the price elasticity C. the demand changes as price changes D. amovement along a given demand curve 35. In the diagram above, ST is the budget line while I.II and III represent indifference curves. Arational consumer will choose to consume at point A. M B. J C. K D. L 36. In order to increase revenue, the seller of a commodity whose demand is fairly elastic is advised to A. increase price B. reduce outpur C. reduce price D. retain price 37. In any set of data, the median represent the A. value that is most representative of the data B. mid-position when the values are arranged in ascending or descending order C. mid-position when the values are arranged randomly D. difference between the highest and the lowest valueswhen arranged ascending order. 38. Combination) Beans (Unit) Rice (Unit) K 15 19 L 20 17 M 24 16 The table above shows the combinations of beans and rice that can be purchased by a consumer. The opportunity cost of moving from K to L is A. 2unitsofrice B. 5 units of beans C. 17 units of rice D. 20 units of beans 39. One of the assumption of ordinary utility in consumer behaviour is that A. consumer are irrational B. marginal utility rises contionously C. utility is measurable D. utility can only be ranked 40. A large standard deviation is an indication of A. the size of the sample B. a wide spread around themean C. a wide difference between the mean and the mode D. the difference between teh highest and the lowest values. 41. Am ajor characteristics of a mixed economy is that A. economic decisions are emade by both the rich and the poor B. both primary and secondary production are undertaken C. the federal and the state governments undertake joint projects D. economic activties are undertaken by both the public and private sectors 42. Given the cost function C = 160 + 36Q, what is teh average cost at 20 units of output? A. N720 B. N216.00 C. N44.00 D. N880.00 43. If an increase in the p rice of good X leads to an increase in the supply of good Y, X andY are said to be A. jointly supplied B. competitive C. composite D. jointly demanded 44. The diagram above shows the shifts in both demand and supply curves. What is the new equilibrium point after the shifts? A. E3 B. E1 C. E4 D. E2 45. Use the diagram below to answer questions 45 and 46 45. When there is a change fron T to N, it implies that A. supply has increased B. quantity supplied has increased C. quantity demanded has i ncreased D. price has fallen 46., Amovement from Mto T implies that there has been A. a decrease in supply B. an increase in demand C. a decrease in price D. an increase in price 47. A necessary condition for specialisataion in an economy is the existence of A. a regulated market B. a competitive market C. amedium of exchange D. adequate capital 48. Afirm operating at full capacitywill experience rising short-run totall costs when A. prices of its variable inputs rise B. prices of its variable inputs fall C. there is a change in m anagement D. labour productivity increases 49. In a textile factory, teh cost of cotton used is a typical example of A. an average cost B. a variable cost C. a total cost D. a fixed cost 50. A black market can occur when A. supply is excess of deman B. consumption of the commomdity is restricted C. prices are set by government above the equilibrium D. prices are set by government below the equilibrium