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DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the trinity (God the father, Son, and Holy Spirit), who saw me through during my industrial training and provided for me spiritually, mentally, financially, economically and otherwise. Also to my lovely parents who are trying their best to ensure success in my academics pursuit through giving both moral and financial support. ACKNOWLDGEMENT My sincere gratitude goes to the Almighty God who showered his love, goodness, guidance, strength and mercy unto me throughout my industrial training. Also to my lovely parents. My gratitude also goes to all the lecturers of the department of Agric. Engineering technology whose contribution in one way or the order helped to ensure success of the training. I also appreciate all my fellow students of Agric. Engineering technology whose encouragement and advice helped me in achieving a huge success in my four months industrial training scheme. Finally I want to appreciate all whose names may not be mentioned here due to lack of space. I pray that the almighty God who knows how to bless his people will release his immeasurable blessings upon you all in Jesus name Amen. ABSTRACT My desire to write this report was born from my experience during my Industrial training program for a period of four months in aquaculture management at TOMABS fish farm. Coupled with exposure in consultancy, field trip programs, Fish smoking, processing and preservation which I was fully involved with. I was also exposed to other areas of fisheries technology which involves building of smoking kiln or oven using red mud soil which makes the work faster and reduce the cost of material used in the process. Also the most important of the exposure is on how to produce fish fingerlings which I have seen, practiced and known. TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………….I DEDICATION…………………………………………………………II ACKNOWLEDEMENT…………………………………………….III PREFACE………………………………………………………………..IV SIWES-MEANING, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES……………1 CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………4 Introduction to the farm and staffs of the integrated school fish farm……………………………………………………..4 CHAPTER TWO…………………………………………………………7 Pond management………………………………………………….7 CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………….13 Selection of Bloodstocks……………………………………….13 CHAPTER FOUR……………………………………………………..17 Stocking And Sorting of fish…………………………………17 CHAPTER FIVE……………………………………………………..18 Feed formulation and feed pelleting…………………...18 Recommendation………………………………………………….25 Conclusion………………………………………………………….…27 INTODUCTION TO STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERINCE (SIWE) SIWES- MEANING, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES SIWES means students industrial work experience scheme. This is a training programme designed to expose and prepare students of higher institution of learning for industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation. It is a planned training programme which calls for the dedication to duty, positive work attitude, honesty and self-confidence on the part of the students who are adjudged the major beneficiaries of the programme. Through the scheme, the students are afforded the opportunity of familiarizing and exposing themselves to the needed experience in handling equipment and machinery that are usually not available in their institution. SIWE is a four month industrial training programme with the sole aim of placing students in one industry or other where they are exposed and gain more knowledge/experience about their field of study/Endeavour The objectives are 1. Provide students with necessary skills needed in their course of study. 2. Provide students enabling environment for practicalizing on the courses. 3. Provide students with working experience which will beneficial to them after graduation. 4. Get students acquainted with handling of various equipment and machinery in the industries. BENEFITS DERIVED FROM SIWES TRAINING PROGRAMME The experiences, knowledge, skills and exposures I acquired during the four months industrial training exercise cannot be over-emphasized. I was exposed to certain areas in my course of study. These are: 1. Fish breeding 2. Culturing of frys, fingerlings, juveniles to table-sized fish 3. Feed formulation 4. Fish feed pelleting 5. Techniques in fish feeding 6. Pond management 7. Fish smoking and preservation CHAPTER ONE BRIEF OF WORK DONE AND KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED INTRODUCTION TO THE FARM AND STAFF OF THE TOMABS FISH FARM The TOMABS fish farm establishment built by an individual. It is established with the sole aim of providing a farm produces to Nigerians. The farm is divided into various sections/segments. These are: 1. Production pond 2. Hatchery 3. Feed mill 4. Processing section 5. vegetable farm and 6. Plantation. PRODUCTION POND: This pond is used for culturing fishes at their tender stages like frys and fingerlings. Hatchery: It is known as hatchery tank or pit where fertilized eggs are left to hatch into larval or fry stage. Feed mill: This is a place for formulating and producing fish feed using locally available ingredients. PROCESSSING SECTION: This is a section of the farm where fishes are processed either by smoking or through other methods of fish preservation. VEGETABLE FARM: this is a place where vegetables are grown which are beneficial to the fishes. PLANTATION: This is a large expanse of land where other agricultural crops are grown which are used during fish feed formulation. THE WORKERS IN THE FARM The farm is made up of five professionally trained staff, twenty six students/ trainees and four security agents who are watching day and night in farm to ensure adequate security of lives and properties. THE PROFESSIONAL STAFF OT THE FARM ARE: Mr. C.A Ekeocha – Head of Department Mr. Ojukannaiye Adewale .S. Supervisor and course advisor Mr. Anthony Opara Supervisor and Course Manager Mrs. Mmadubuko and Mrs. Caroline. CHAPTER TWO POND MANAGEMENT Fish farm is the site where different types of pond are constructed for rearing various stages of the selected species of fish on scientific lines. Pond is seen as a very small, very shallow body of quiet standing water where fishes are reared and aquatic plants are higher in population. There are six types of pond in acquaculture. These are Hatching pits, Nursery ponds, Rearing pond, Stocking pond, Spawning ponds and marketing ponds. Hatchery pit: Is used for incubating fertilized eggs for hatching. Nursery pond: Is used for raising/ rearing tender hatchling or spawn. Rearing ponds: This pond is used for culturing fry to fingerling stage. Stocking pond: This pond is used for rearing fingerlings to table sized fish. SELECTION OF SITE FOR FISH FARM While selecting sites for fish farm certain factors should be considered. 1. Meteorological and hydrographical information: It involves adequate knowledge of the mean monthly temperature, rainfall, evaporation, sunshine, speed and direction of winds, floods and water table of the area. 2. Nature of vegetation: Grassy land or low shrubbed land are more suited than land with dense vegetation (tall trees) which makes clearing more difficult and expensive. 3. The existing and future sources of pollution: Ensuring that there will be no adverse effects of pollutants (air water or soil) on the fish to be cultured and the other biota. 4. Soil characteristics: While selecting the site for aqua farms appropriate soil investigation is essential. this is to ensure that the soil is suitable for aquaculture because it not only influences the productivity and quality of overlaying water but also the construction of dikes. There are three types of soil which are pervious, impervious and peaty soil. Impervious soil is suitable for fish culture because it has good water retaining capacity. 5. Topography: It described the shape of the land/site whether flat or hilly, upland or lowland. This determines the shape and kind of pond to be constructed. 6. Water supply: This is the most important consideration in selecting site for fish farm. This is because fish depends entirely on water for life. Adequate source of water is essential such as spring, stream, river, lake, well, bore-holes for homestead. 7. Accessibility: Fish farm should not be sited in a place far away from market. That is a place near and locatable thereby reducing cost of transportation/ running cost. Practically, there are three types of ponds in aquaculture. They are a. Barrage b. Contour c. Paddy Barrage pond: these are made by building a wall or dam across a small stream, spring or rainfall through a valley. Contour pond: They are sited along river courses, each with either dependent or independent water supply. Paddy pond: This is made in places where ground is flat or saucer in shape, usually in swamps and flood plains. This type of pond is used for both growing rice and rearing fish but it should not be herbivorous species. METHODS OF SURVEYING FISH POND SITE There are two main methods i. Visual survey ii. Detailed survey Visual survey: This means ordinary visit to the site and inspecting it by walking round. Detailed survey: It comprises of land survey and soil/ water exploration. It involves the use of survey instrument for accuracy such as land chain, prismatic compass, abney level, ranging poles etc. CHAPTER THREE SELECTION OF BROODSTOCKS This entails selecting of fish which are ready for spawning or breeding. The fishes selected have a different characteristic which shows that they are for spawning. A. Female characteristics 1. It shows well-rounded and soft abdomen, the fullness of which extends posterity past the pelvic to the genital openings 2. The genital opening is swollen protruding and reddish or rosy in color anus or vent may also be swollen and reddish, in some fishes, the abdomen is reddish 3. Gentle press on the abdomen releases some eggs. B. male characteristics 1. The male releases a few drops of thick milt when its abdomen is press gently 2. In some males fishes (Chinese carps ) the dorsal surface of the pectoral fin becomes rough when ripe 3. Highly vascularized urinogenital papilla in clarias and heterobranchus species which indicates ripped tastes. Brood stock fishes are normally injected with pituitary gland or ovaprim hormone to hasten the maturity of the eggs. Ova prim injection This is a hormone that is being injected to a female fish for quick maturation of egg pituitary gland can be used in absence of ovaprim. HOW TO INJECT FISH Using ovaprim injection takes 0.5mkg and injects the fish by removing the air bubbles. WHERE TO INJECT FISH Inject under the pectoral fin and massage after the injection to avoid the hormone from coming out. Using pituitary gland The pituitary gland was extracted and grinded in a small mortar and saline water added depending on the weight of a fish Example If the weight of the fish is 1kg then use 0.5ml/kg of mixed pituitary gland. But if the fish weighs 2kg the mixed pituitary gland will be 0.5ml x 2 FOR BREEDING The hormone which was injected in a female fish has to stay for 12 hours before stripping takes place. Example, if the fish was injected by 8pm, the striping will start by 8am FOR THE FEMALE FISH One person holds the head of the fish with handkerchief to cover the eyes up and the other holds the tail down. The third person holds the bowl (dry bowl) and strips the eggs into it until the blood starts to come out then it is stopped. FOR THE MALE FISH With the help of the handkerchief to cover the eyes and hold the head, another person will hold the tail. The third person will use razor blade to open the stomach and bring out the milt. The razor blade will then be used to open the milt sac and it is poured on the eggs and stirred very well with feather or strong rubber spoon. It is then transferred to the hatchery tank for hatching. CHAPTER FOUR BREEDING Breeding is of two types: natural and artificial breeding. Before going for the selection of mature bloodstock, Natural breeding: as the name implies, this type of breeding usually occur in the wild or in the pond (for tilapia). Artificial Breeding: This method is also known as induced breeding, whereby a chemical hormone is injected into the female broodstock to quicken the ripening of eggs. This is normally done in a hatchery. Types of hormone - Ovaprim - Ovatide - Human chronic gonadotropin(hcgfish pituitary gland CHAPTER FIVE STOCKING AND SORTING OF FISH Stocking means releasing fishes into the pond especially those at their tender stage (fingerlings). Ponds are usually stocked with small-sized fishes weighing a few grams each called fingerlings. Fishes are stocked according to pond area and the possibility of feeding and fertilization. Stocking is of two types: Stocking rate and stocking density STOCKING RATE: This is the number of fishes (fingerlings) that can be stocked per hectare of pond. STOCKING DENSITY: This is the weight of fishes that can be stocked per hectare of pond. Sorting means separating fishes according to their sizes and weight in order to re-stock them evenly. Sorting helps to promote the growth of fish by providing enabling environment for their feeding. CHAPTER SIX FEED FORMULATION Feed formulation is the process of producing feeds used for feeding aquatic animals (fish). The composition of feeds varies significantly among the plant and animal groups. The nutrient contents may also vary according to the maturity and processing of feed material and also in relation to their protein, fibre and ash content. Protein is the most expensive ingredient of an animal diet and, therefore, it is computed first in the diet formulation. METHODS OF FORMULATING RATION a. Pearson method b. Algebraic equation method c. Trial and error method Pearson method Energy = 10/35 * 100/1 = 28.57% Protein = 25/35 * 100/1 = 71.43% Checking Energy = 28.57/1 * 10/100 = 2.85% GNC = 71.43 *45/100 = 32.143 35.000 Assume ingredient=35cp Fishmeal = fm=60 Groundnut cake=GNC=40 Maize= 10 (1/2 of 60)+ (1/2 x 40/1) 30 + 20= 50 Cost of maize=15/40x100/1=37.50 Cost of protein mix= 25/40 x 100/1= 62.50 Cost of fish meal from 62.50 to 1/2x62.50= 31.25 GNS= 1/2x62.50=31.25 Checking maize=37.50x0.10=3.75 GNC=31.25x0.40=12.50 FM=31.25x0.60=18.75 Total=35.00 FEED PELLETING Feed pelleting means preparing fsh feed using various ingredients with the help of pelleting machine. It is done either small scale or large scale. Equipments required when pelleting feed. 1. Grinder 2. Siever 3. Mixer and 4. Pelleting machine or their percentage crude protein Fish meal 65% Soya beans 40% GNC 45% MAIZE 9-10% Other condements Wheat 13% Rice bran 9-10% Indomie 10% Brewing waste 10% Spent grain 15 % PROCESSES INVOLVED IN FEED PELLETING 1. Grindng: coarse ingredient are ground in a hammer mill or grinder which reduces their particle size, improves feed digestibility, acceptability, mixing properties and pelletability. 2. Sieving: The feeds are sieved using 177um meshes to remove unwanted particles. 3. Mixing: proper mixing of ingredients is done to achieve uniformity of composition in the whole feed material according to the required formula. This involves both scattering of particles and 3blending. 4. Pelleting: After thorough mixing of required quantities of ingredients, the mixture is processed in the pelletizer to make the feed into desired-size pellets’. 5. Binders: If he feed mixture is difficult to pellet or is unstable in water, it is often necessary to add a binding agent to the formulation. Starch serves as a binding agent in this regard. 6. Grinding or corrugation of pellet: The cooled pellets are either ground or made into corrugated rolls and then sieved (= sifted) into various sizes of grnulles or small fragments (crumbles). The crumbles are suitable for feeding small fish. Things to consider before making feed for fish a. If it s culturable b. Its feeding habit c. Its feeding niche d. The species of fish to be culture e.g omnivorous (catfish) herbivorous (tilapia and carp). e. Season f the year. f. Availability of feed/cost for catfish fibre should not be more than 15% since they cannot break it down. RECOMMENDATION Based on the industrial training I have undergone the experiences, skill, and challenges I encountered and the SIWES attitude towards this training scheme, I come up with the following recommendation. 1. That the necessity of this industrial training programme should be made known to the students involved so as to discourage those who usually avoid it. 2. That there must be a good interactive relationship between the industries based supervisors and the SIWES officials in order to ensure that students at their duty post are well taken care of. 3. Those external supervisors who were visiting the students in their workplace are monitored to see that they actually deliver. 4. That any student who deliberately refused to involve himself in SEWIS programme is severely punished so that others will learn. 5. Ensure that the industry based-supervisors did not maltreat students and use them as their house help. 6. Finally that provisions for paying and giving students grants in their place of industrial training should be allowed in SEWIS programme CONCLUSION SIWES provide a platform and an avenue through which every sensible student must not neglect and despise. it helps students to be industrially, academically, geographically and socially equipped. Thanks to the academic and administration management of the Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri for making it possible. I equally appreciate all the personnel’s and students in my department for the support they gave throughout the training. May God who is righteous bless you all in Jesus name Amen.