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INTRODUCTION
Biosurfactants are surface active molecules having hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties as their constituents which allow them to interact at interfaces and reduce the surface tension. They are produce by diverse group of organism belong to bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes etc., mainly on surfaces of microorganisms or may also secreted extracellularly. They are categorized based on their chemical composition as fatty acids, glycolipids, glycolipopeptides, glycoproteins, lipopeptides, phospholipids, polymeric and particulate biosurfactants. The chemicaldiversity of biosurfactants makes them a potential source for green chemicals having applications in industrial, environmental (agricultural and bioremediation), and medical fields. Almost all surfactants being currently produced are derived from petroleum source. However, these synthetic surfactants are usually toxic and hardly degraded by microorganisms. These are potential source of pollution and damage to the environment.
Therefore, in the recent years, much interest and attention have been directed towards biosurfactants over chemically synthesized surfactants due to their superiority to the chemical surfactants with respect to their biocompatibility, lower toxicity, higher biodegradability, higher stability, extreme stability in extreme temperature and pH. With the advent of time, this attribute is contributing its higher demand in the field of biotechnology.
The agricultural waste such as whey (a by-product of the manufacture of cheese or casein) are well known for containing high levels of carbohydrates and of lipids -both of which are necessary for substrates for the production of biosurfactants and contains all necessary substances (lactose, protein, organic acids and vitamins) that require for growth of surfactant producing microorganism. This study focus on the screening, production, extraction and purification of biosurfactant from bacteria isolated from whey spilled soil and which is easily available in India.
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Surfactants are usually organic compounds that are amphiphilic, meaning they contain both hydrophobic groups (their tails) and hydrophilic groups (their heads).
The hydrophilic (polar) end part of the biosurfact ant is insoluble in water and may have a long chain of fatty acids, hydroxyl fatty acids or α-alkyl-β -hydroxy fatty acids. The hydrophilic (polar) end can be a carbohydrate, amino acid, cyclic peptide, phosphate, carboxylic acid or alcohol (Jaysree et al., 2011).
Surfactant or surface active agents can be classified into two main groups; synthetic surfactant and bio-surfactant. Synthetic surfactant is produced by chemical reactions, while bio-surfactant is produced by biological processes, being excreted extracellularly by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and yeast (Jayrees et al., 2011). Chemically-synthesized surfactants have been used in the oil industry to aid clean up of oil spills, as well as to enhance oil recovery from oil reservoirs. These compounds are not biodegradable and can be toxic to environment (Tabatabaee et al., 2005). When compared to synthetic surfactant, bio-surfactant have several advantages including high bio-degradability, low toxicity, low irritancy, ecological acceptability, compatibility with human skin and ability to be produced from renewable and cheaper substrates (Banat et al.,2000)
Therefore, it is reasonable to expect diverse properties and physiological functions of bio-surfactants such as increasing the surface area and bio-availability of hydrophobic water-insoluble substrates, metal binding, bacterial pathogenesis, quorum sensing, and bio-film formation (Priya & Usharani, 2009). Unlike synthetic surfactants, microbial-produced compounds are easily degraded and particularly suited for environmental applications such as bioremediation and dispersion of oil spills (Mohan et al., 2006). The aim of this study is to isolate and screen bacterial species from different hydrocarbon polluted sites for bio-surfactants production.
2.1. STUDY LOCATION
Soil samples (A-D) are to be collected from oil spilled surfaces of different automobile workshops in Owerri Imo-State, Nigeria. The samples are to be collected in sterile polythene bags and are to be taken to the laboratory for analysis.
3.O. Materials and methods
3.1. Sampling area
For isolation biosurfactant producing bacteria soil samples are to be collected from whey spilled surfaces of five different cheese making farm of Owerri West, Imo state (sample 1-5). The samples are to be collected in sterile container under aseptic condition and are to be taken to the laboratory for analysis. The pH of the samples during collection is to be 7.0 and temperature should be 300C.
3.1.1. Isolation and enumeration of bacterial isolates from the sample
5g of the oil spilled soil samples are to be inoculated in 50ml of nutrient broth and incubated at 25 ̊C for72 hours.
After incubation the medium is serially diluted from 10-1 to10-6 in sterile water. From the dilutions (10-1 to10-6) 1ml are to be transferred to sterile petri-dish and over that 20mls of nutrient agar are to be poure. The plates then inverted and incubated at 25 ̊C for 48 hours. Control and replica plates - maintained.
3.1.3 Bacteriological isolation techniques
After incubation, the different discrete colonies formed on the plate that had between 30 and 300 colony forming unit (cfu) are to be streaked on nutrient agar slant and incubated at ambient temperature (37 ̊C) for 24 hours to obtain their pure cultures. These pure cultures, are to be sub-cultured on nutrient agar slant, incubated at 37 ̊C for 24 hours and stored at 4 ̊C for bio-surfactants production screening
3.2 MATERIALS
Soil sample
Petri-dish
Polytin bag
4.0. CONCLUSION
Uses of biosurfactants are increasingly in almost every sectors of the modern industry as an alternative to chemical surfactants. With increasing public awareness in the environment, biosurfactant would most likely replace the usage of chemical surfactants in the near future. As biosurfactants are derived from natural sources, each of these types is an attractive alternative to synthetic compounds.
Biosurfactants are surfactants that are produced extracelluarly or as part of the cell membrane by bacteria, yeast and fungi. The main commercial use of biosurfactant is in oil industry, foods, cosmetics, pharmacology and environmental technology because of their ability to stabilize emulsions. The features that make them commercially promising alternatives to chemically synthesized surfactants are their lower toxicity, higher biodegradability and greater environmental compatibility. Production and characterization of biosurfactants produced by these bacterial isolates is recommended
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