: Turbines, Generators and Power Plants
As we learned in Chapter 2,
electricity flows through wires to light our lamps, run TVs, computers
and all other electrical appliances. But where does the electricity come
from?
In this chapter, we'll learn how electricity is generated in a power plant. In the next few chapters, we'll learn about the various resources that are used to make the heat to produce electricity. In Chapter 7, we'll learn how the electricity gets from the power plant to homes, school and businesses.
Thermal power plants have big boilers that burn a
fuel to make heat. A boiler is like a teapot on a stove. When the water
boils, the steam comes through a tiny hole on the top of the spout. The
moving steam makes a whistle that tells you the water has boiled. In a
power plant, the water is brought to a boil inside the boiler, and the
steam is then piped to the turbine through very thick pipes.
In most boilers, wood, coal, oil or natural gas is burned in a firebox to make heat. Running through the fire box and above that hot fire are a series of pipes with water running through them. The heat energy is conducted into the metal pipes, heating the water in the pipes until it boils into steam. Water boils into steam at 212 degrees Fahrenheit or 100 degrees Celsius.
The top picture on the right is of a small power plant located at Michigan State University. The black area to the left of the power plant is coal, the energy source that is burned to heat the water in the boilers of this plant.
In the second picture to the left, you'll see the turbine and generator at MSU's power plant. The big pipe on the left side is the steam inlet. On the right side of the turbine is where the steam comes out. The steam is fed under high pressure to the turbine. The turbine spins and its shaft is connected to a turbogenerator that changes the mechanical spinning energy into electricity.
The third picture on the right is of the turbine fan before it is placed inside the turbine housing. You can see a close-up of the turbine blades on the fourth picture. The turbine has many hundreds of blades that are turned at an angle like the blades of a fan. When the steam hits the blades they spin the turbine's shaft that is attached to the bottom of the blades.
After the steam goes through the turbine, it usually goes to a cooling tower outside the where the steam cools off. It cools off and becomes water again. When the hot pipes come into contact with cool air,
some
water vapor in the air is heated and steam is given off above the
cooling towers. That's why you see huge white clouds sometimes being
given off by the cooling towers. It's not smoke, but is water vapor or
steam. This is not the same steam that is used inside the turbine.
The cooled water then goes back into the boiler where it is heated again and the process repeats over and over.
Most power plants in California use cleaner-burning natural gas to produce electricity. Others use oil or coal to heat the water. Nuclear power plants use nuclear energy to heat water to make electricity. Still others, called geothermal power plants, use steam or hot water found naturally below the earth's surface without burning a fuel. We'll learn about those energy sources in the next few chapters.
How the Generator Works
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