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SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS) AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE USAGE IN SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN NSUKKA URBAN

BY

EKERUE CHINEDU J.

SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS) AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE USAGE IN SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN NSUKKA URBAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page - - - - - - i Approval Page - - - - - - ii Dedication - - - - - - - iii Acknowledgments - - - - - - iv Table of Contents - - - - - - v List of Tables - - - - - - vi Abstract - - - - - - - vii 1.1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION - 1 1.2 Statement of Problem - - - 9 1.3 Research Questions - - - 10 1.4 Purpose of Study - - - 10 1.5 Significance of Study - - - 10 1.6 Scope of Study - - - 11 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction - - - 12 2.1 Theoretical Framework - - - 12 2.1.1 Neogrammarian Theory of Language Change - 13 2.1.2 Image Theory of Meaning - - - 15 2.1.3 The Dynamics of Language - - - 16 2.1.4 Computer Medicated Communication (CMC) - 18 2.1.5 The Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) 20 2.1.6 GSM Service - - - 22 2.1.7 Short Message Service - - - 24 2.1.8 Advantages of Short Message Service (SMS) - 26

2.1.9 Some Features of SMS - - - 27

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2.1.10 SMS as a Writing Skills - - - 29 2.2 Empirical Studies - - - 29 2.2.1 GSM and the Nigerian Situation - - 35 2.3 Conclusion - - - 38 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction - - - 39 3.1 Research Method - - - 39 3.2 Area of Study - - - 42 3.3 Population - - - 42 3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique - - 43 3.5 Research Instrument - - - 43 3.6 Analysis of Data - - - 44 CHAPTER FOUR: COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 4.0 Introduction - - - - - - - 45 4.1 Research Question One - - - - - - 46 Table I; Unusual Abbreviations and their Suspected Meaning in the Students‟ Essay Writing - - - - - 46 Table II: Grammatical Errors in the Students‟ Essay Writing - 49 Table III: Punctuation Errors in the Students‟ Essay Writing - 51 Table IV: Spelling Errors in the students‟ Essay Writing - 52 4.2 Research Question Two - - - - - 55 Table V: Unusual Abbreviation and their Suspected Meaning in the Students‟ Text Messages - - - - - 55 Table VI: Grammatical Errors in Students Text Messages - 57 Table VII: Punctuation Errors in the Students Text Message - 58

viii

Table VIII: Spelling Errors in the Student‟s Text Message - 59 4.3 Conclusion - - - - - - - 62 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.0 Introduction - - - - - - 63 5.1 Discussions of the Findings - - - - 63 5.1.1 Findings from Students‟ Essay Writing - - 63 5.1.2 Findings from Students‟ Text Messages - - 66 5.2 Recommendations - - - - - - 69 5.3 Conclusion - - - - - - - 71 5.4 Suggestions for Further Research - - - 72 References - - - - - - - 73 Appendix AI – 20: Samples of Students‟ Essay Writing Appendix BI – 15: Samples of Students‟ Text Messages

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LIST OF TABLES Table Pg i. Unusual Abbreviations and their Suspected Meaning in the Students‟ Essay Writing - - - - - 46 ii Grammatical Errors in the Students‟ Essay Writing - 49 iii Punctuation Errors in the Students‟ Essay Writing - - 51

iv. Spelling Errors in the Students‟ Essay Writing - 52

v. Unusual Abbreviation and their Suspected Meaning in

the Students‟ Text Messages - - - - - 55

vi. Grammatical Errors in Students Text Messages - - 57

vii. Punctuation Errors in the Students Text Message - - 58

viii. Spelling Errors in the Students Text Message - 59

x

ABSTRACT

The advent of the technology called Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM) has brought in a paradigm shift from the conventional English Language Writing, to what researchers now call SMS system of communication. This has been observed in many places as well as Nigeria. English language being an official language in Nigeria and fast becoming a global language cannot diffuse into un-intelligibility through such influences like SMS language. The importance of language generally to man is such that any virus that portends catastrophe to it attracts special attention. Some research works have been carried out to trace the influence of the emerging trends on the users of this technology; this project is one of researchers aims at identifying the influence of SMS language on the writing performance of secondary school students, in Nsukka Urban Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. An extensive literature review has been carried out on the GSM technology, its special features especially the Short Message Services (SMS) that brought in this encoding of English language through text message, computer mediated communication, the importance and dynamics of language and other relevant aspects of the project topic. From the foregoing it is obvious that the SMS of GSM influences students’ writing.

CHAPTER ONE 1.1

INTRODUCTION Global system for mobile communication (GSM), is a digital telephone system that digitalizes and compresses data to help improve the speed of wireless mobile when communicating… (answers.yahoo.com/question/index3/11/09). GSM is one of the leading digital cellular systems that use narrowband Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) which allows eight simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency (Webopedia.internet.com/img/mock/rcat-new.gif.12/10/09). This system of communication is far more advanced than the traditional analogue cellular technology (Computer.com/ITNewspaperJan.2002 Pg.11). GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM and DMA).In 2007, more than 690 mobile networks provide GSM services across 213 countries and GSM represents 82.4% of all global mobile connections. According to GSM world, there are now more than 2 billion GSM mobile phone users worldwide. The number of mobile subscriptions the world is expected to see by the end of the ongoing year (2009) is reportedly heading for 4.6 billion as reported by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) secretary, recently (Softpedia.mht.14/10/09). One of the objectives for the GSM-based platform was to offer advanced services and functionality from a single network, and to meet this goal, the designers made it part of the standard and based the architecture on the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) called model. (Comptuer.com/ITNewspaperl.Jan. 2002 Pg.11). GSM services are a standard collection of applications and features available to mobile phone subscribers all over the world and are the world‟s most dominant mobile phone standard. The design of the service is moderately complex because it must be able to locate a moving phone of the same service anywhere in the world. The GSM standard also provides separate facilities for transmitting digital data. This allows a mobile phone to act like any other computer on the Internet, sending and receiving data via the Internet protocol (Wikipedia, 2009). The mobile may also be connected to a desktop computer, laptop or Personal digital Assistants (PDA), for use as a network interface (just like a modem or Ethernet card) (Wikipedia, 2009). With the ascendancy of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the world has been compressed into a global village. GSM enhanced the velocity of world communication. The gamut of services which mobile phone renders include

(1) Integrated Voice Call

(2) Internet Access; (separate facilities for transmitting digital data which allows a mobile phone to act like any other computer on the internet, sending and receiving data via the internet protocol)

(3) Circuit Switched Data

(4) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS),

(5) Music Player, (Mp3)

(6) Calculator

(7) Calendar

(8) Digital Colour Camera

(9) Short Message Services (SMS)

(10) MAPS

(11) Weather Channel

(12) You Tube

(13) Dictionary

(14) Encyclopedia

(15) Light

(16) Clock/alarm etc.

All these services are mostly transmitted in the English language. The internet, with the majority of its content/ learning is written in English and it is no wonder that people of this planet are using the English language as the vehicle and bridge across borders and cultures. The language has become a source of unity in communicating with a rapidly changing world (Baskerville, 14). So, at a time in history when people want to, and can, through the Internet connect with the world, English just happens to be the tool close at hand that can do the job. English language commands unparalleled international intelligibility. Onuigbo and Eyisi (2009, v) describe it as an important centripetal force that….. pulls divergent chords towards a central point in spite of the diversity of the world today. Even though computer and lasers are tools for the space age, English is the language of transmission. It has become a lingua franca, a global language regularly used and understood by many nations for whom English is not their first language. Any virus that interferes with English language learning portends a catastrophe for world unity and peace in the globalization process. With two billion people now speaking English or learning to speak it, we can creditably imagine a genuine global language.

Short Message Service (SMS) language or textese is a term for the abbreviations and slang most commonly used owing to the necessary brevity of mobile phone text messaging. The objective of textese is to use the fewest number of characters needed to convey a comprehensible message, hence, punctuation, grammar, and capitalizations are largely ignored. People like John Humphrey, a Welsh journalist and television reporter, has criticized textese as “wrecking our language”. He describes emoticons and textese as “irritating” and essentially lazy behaviours, and summarised that “sloppy” habits gained while using textese will result in student‟s growing ignorance of proper grammar and punctuation” (Wikipedia 14/01/09). David Crystal in his findings summarized in his popular book Txting: “the Gr8 Db8” says that despite scholarly research to the contrary, the popular notion that text messaging is damaging to linguistic development of young people and to the English language itself persists. (mhtml:file://:\smslanguage-Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia. Mht12/10/09).

Peter Baskerville in his book Global English: a Paradigm Shift (www.knol.google.com 14/10/09) says: “change has been the one constant in the development of the human race since the beginning. But never has change been so immense as it has been in the past decade. Just think about the massive changes taking place in our environment, technology, communications and economies just to name a few… and so it is now with language, in the form of Global English. According to him, recent statement has been made by researchers, that English in the 21st century has not only become the lingua franca of international business but is becoming the lingua franca of all global communication. The eventual effect on the English of this development can only be guessed at today, but there can be little doubt that they will be as important as anything that has happened to English in the past sixteen hundred years (Philip, Durkan.www.askoxford.com/world of Oxford/history. 1/10/09). In Nigeria , GSM means telecom explosion. The GSM revolution began in August 2001 and changed the face of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in Nigeria. Since the GSM launch, mobile telephony has rapidly become the most popular method of voice communication in Nigeria. Growth has been so rapid that Nigeria has been rightly described in various fora as “one of the fastest growing GSM markets in the world”. A growing number of population in Nigeria own a mobile phone, making it an increasingly important aspect of everyone‟s lives. Likewise, GSM has revolutionized our business environment. Today, the people of Nigeria can transact their business from the comfort of their homes through the GSM facility (mhtml:file://E:\allAfrica-com. 16/10/09). Hamadoun Toure, International Communication Union (ITU) secretary general said, “ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) are vital within developing countries to ensure that ordinary people can fully participate in the knowledge economy of the 21st century (Softpedia.mht. 14/10/09). Nigeria is developing, and so… should not allow the ICT driven globalization, development, peace and unity be hampered by the said serious influence of the GSM/SMS, internet/email systems of communication. A high proficiency in the communicative ability of Nigerians in English language should rather be encouraged. Opinion differs as to the use of SMS language. People have expressed their concern about the influence of SMS on the English language and said that the popular SMS and e-mail phonetic spelling have corrupted the English language. There have been some reports in the media of children using SMS language for essay in school: (mhtml:file://H:\sms language. 10/14/09).

Prince Charles in The Guardian of June 8, 2005 attacked teachers in a gathering, saying that plans to allow children to study text messaging as part of GCSE English studies were damaging the prospects of future generation. Others maintain that text messaging is merely one stage of our revolution and it is on the way out. While some people decry the woe of text messaging and SMS language, others like David Crystal, a Professor of Linguistics in the University of Wales, Bangor9 said in The Guardian of February 28, 2005, that “the advent of new language styles and forms engendered by the Internet, and related communication development such as SMS messaging, should be greeted with delight”. To him, it is the greatest opportunity for the development of the English language since the advent of the printing press in the Middle Ages (mhtml:file//E:\textually_org). Experts believe that the new form of communication such as mobile phone texting, email and internet messaging are helping us to stay in touch with each other (mhtml://:GlobalEnglish.org/English a paradigm shift). In China, it is believed that text messaging preserves everyone‟s dignity by eliminating the human voice. It has also been observed that English has undergone four stages in the past and is in the process to the fifth. The four stages English Language has undergone as recorded by Peter Baskerville are

(1) Old English (Germanic tribe) 450 to 1100 AD

(2) Middle Age English (William the Conqueror) 1100 – 1500 AD

(3) Modern English (Dialect of London) 1500 – 1800 AD.

(4) Late Modern English (Industrial Revolution) 1800 – 2000.

(5) Post Modern English (Internet) since 2000.

Baskerville consequently observed that “those sceptable about a new English being created from the technology of the internet and text messages will only need to view the new 900 SMS acronym list from a social mobile network provider SMS Fun Dictionary to see how a new language can form from English within just a few years. The curiosity for this project arose when I intercepted a student teacher‟s text message during a gathering. This was what I saw in her mobile phone. Hi  hw r u. U‟re gr8, ryt? GF, I wntd 2 c u FTF A3 drng d hols, bt u wr scrse. FYI, u r enlstd 4 an award in ur dept. IMHO, u sld rsh bk 2 skul 2 clm it, IYKWIM CUL. :-*, MK  The effort both the girl and I made to decode the message proved abortive, until I personally took this message home and used the internet to find the full meaning of some of the abbreviations. The translation reads thus: “Hello love, how are you? You are great, right? Girl friend, I wanted to see you face to face, any place, anytime, any where during the holidays, but you were scarce. For your information, you are enlisted for an award in your department. In my humble opinion, you should rush back to school to claim it, if you know what I mean. See you later, smiling! Mike Love”

It may be illogical to hope and to believe that language is dynamic and thus not allow the apprehensions created by the above mentioned systems become verified. From the foregoing, it is obvious that something is happening between the conventional English grammar and/or usage and the system of its usage in the GSM/SMS as an information communicating technology. The pattern with which information is passed through the GSM has changed in structure and probably in other linguistic levels of English language. The major interest in this project is therefore to find out whether GSM/SMS system of communication has influenced conventional English language to such extent that students in secondary schools forget the standard rules of the language.

Some researches have been done on the influence of GSM/SMS language, with university undergraduates. An example is that of the National Universities Commission (NUC) and the British Overseers Administration (ODA) in 1990. Chiluwa (www.educ/utas.edu/au/users/Journal, Oct. 2009), of the Covenant University, Nigeria also researched on the extent to which textmessaging constructs Christian value belief system and sentiments in Nigeria. In the same vein a similar investigation was carried on the socioliguistic of mobile phone SMS usage in Cameroon and Nigeria by Feuba Wanji Elvis of the Department of English, University of Yaunde. Ezekwesili (2008: 382) has also studied the impact of GSM/ICT on undergraduate writing. All these researches found adverse impacts of SMS coded language on the English language. To the best of my knowledge, no such research has been conducted with secondary school students. No analysis has also been done on the pattern of text messaging with this group of students in Nsukka Urban. This study therefore, aims at determining the influence of the short message service (SMS) on secondary school students on the learning of this all important language and by extension, on the teaching of the most widely spoken language of our time, English.

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LIST OF TRADEMARK CLASSES IN NIGERIA

LIST OF CLASSES 

CASS 1

Chemical used in industry, science and photograph, as we as in agriculture, Horticulture and forestry, unprocessed plastic; fire extinguishing composition; tempering and substances, adhesive used in industry.

CLASS 2

Paints, varnishes, lacquers, preservatives against rust and against deterioration of wood, colorant, mordant, raw natural resins, metal in foil and powder form for painter’s decorators, printers and artist.

CLASS 3

Bleaching preparation, other substance for laundry use, cleaning, polishing scouring and abrasive preparation, soap, perfumery, essential oils, cosmetics, hair lotions dentifrices.

CLASS 4

Industrial oil and grease, lubricant, dust absorbing, wetting and binding composition fuels (including motor spirit) and illuminant, candles, wicks.

CLASS 5

Pharmaceutical, veterinary and sanitary preparation, dietetics substances adapted for medical use, food for babies plasters, materials  for dressing, materials for stopping teeth, dental wax, disinfectants, preparation for destroying vermin, fungicide, herbicides.

CLASS 6

Common metals and their alloys, metal building materials, transporting building of metals for railway tracks, non-electric cables and wire of common metals, iron menageries, small items of metal hardware, pipes and tubes of common metal, safes, good of common metal not included In other classes areas.

CLASS 7

Machines and machines tools, motors and engines (except for land vehicles) machines coupling and transmission component (except for land vehicles), agricultural implement and incubators for eggs.

CLASS 8

Hand tools and implements (hand operated) cutlery, side arm, razor, fork and spoons.

CLASS 9

Science, nautical, surveying, electric photograph cinematography, optical weighing measuring, signaling, checking (supervision) lifesaving and teaching apparatus and instruments, apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images, magnetic apparatus, recording disc, automatic vending machines and mechanism for coin-operated apparatus, cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment and computers, fire extinguishing apparatus.

CLASS 10

Surgical, medical, dental and veterinary apparatus and instrument, artificial limbs eyes and teeth, orthopedic articles, suture materials.

CLASS 11

Apparatus for lighting, heating, steam generating, cooking, refrigerating, drying ventilating, water supply and sanitary purposes.

CLASS 12

Vehicles apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water.

CLASS 13

Firearms, ammunition and projectiles, explosives, firework.

CLASS 14

Precious metal and their alloy and goods in precious metal or treated therewith, not included in other classes, jewelry, precious stones, homological and chronometric instrument.

CLASS 15

Musical Instruments.

CLASS 16

Paper classes, printed matter, bookbinding materials, photograph materials, paint brushier, cardboard and goods made from these material, not included in to, typewriters and office requisites (except furniture) instructional and teaching materials (except apparatus), plastics materials for packaging (not included in other classes), playing cards, printers, type printing books.

CLASS 17

Rubber, gutta-percha, gum, asbestos, and goods made from these materials and are not included in other classes, plastics in extruded form for use in manufacturer, packing stopping and walking stick, whips, harness and saddler.

CLASS 18

Leader and imitations of leaders and goods made of these materials and not included in other classes, animal skin, hides, trucks and traveling bags, umbrellas, parasols and walking stick, whips, harness and saddler.

CLASS 19

Building materials (nonmetallic) nonmetallic rigid pipe for building, asphalt, pitch and bitumen, nonmetallic transportation building monument not of metal.

CLASS 20

Furniture, mirrors, picture frames, goods (not included in other classes) of wood, cork read, cane, wicker, horn, bore, ivory, malbone, shell, amber, mother of pearl, meerschaum, and  substitutes for all these materials or of plastics.

CLASS 21

Household or kitchen utensils and container, (not of precious metal or coated therewith), combs and sponges, brushes (except paint brushes), brush making materials, articles for cleaning purposes, steel wool, unworked or semi-worked glass (except glass used in building) glassware not included in other classes.

CLAS 22

Ropes, sting, net, tenets, awning, tarpaulins, sails, sacks, and bags (not included in other classes), padding and stuffing materials (except of rubber and plastics. )raw fibrous  textile materials.

CLASS 23

Yarns and threads, for textile use.

CLASS 24

Textile and textile goods, not included in other classes, bed and table covers, tissues (piece goods).

CLASS 25

Clothing, footwear, headgear, clothing including boots, shoe and slippers.

CLASS 26

Lace and embroidery, ribbons and braid; buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles; artificial flowers.

CLASS 27

Carpets, rugs, mat and matting, linoleum and other materials for covering existing floor, wall hanging (non textile).

CLASS 28

Games and playing, gymnastic and sporting articles not included in other classes, decoration for Christmas tree.

CLASS 29

Meat, fish poultry and game, meat extracts, preserved, dried and cooked fruit and vegetable, jellies, jam, fruit sauces, egg, milk and milk product, oil and fat.

CLASS 30

Coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, rice, tapioca,  sago artificial coffee, flour and preparation made from cereal, bread pastry and confectionary, ice, honey, yeast, baking powder, salt mustard, vinegar, sauces (condiments), spices, ice, pepper vinegar.

CLASS 31       

Agricultural, horticulture, and forestry product and grains not included in other classes, live animals, fresh fruits and vegetable seeds, natural plants and flow foodstuffs for animal malt.

CLASS 32

Beers, mineral and aerated waters and other non alcoholic drinks, fruit drinks and fruit juices, syrup and other preparation for making beverages.

CLASS 33

Alcohol beverages, (except beer) wines, spirit and liqueur.

 CLASS 34

Tobacco, smoker’s articles, matches.

CLASS 35                                                                           

Advertising, business management, business administration, office function.

CLASS 36

Insurance and financial affairs, monetary affair, and real estate affair.

CLASS 37

Building construction, repair, and installation services.

CASS 38

Telecommunication.

CLASS 39

Transport, packing and storage of goods, travel arrangement.

CLASS 40

Treatment materials.

CLASS 41

Education, providing of training entertainment, sporting and cultural activities.

CLASS 42

Scientific & Technological Services & Research & Design relating thereto Industrial analysis Research service Design and development of computer, hardware and software

CLASS 43

Service for providing food and drink, temporary accommodation

CLASS 44

Medical services, Veterinary services, Hygienic & Beauty care for, human beings or Animals, Agriculture, Horticulture & Forestry service.

CLASS 45

Legal Services, Security Services for the protection of property and individual, personal and social services rendered by others to meet the need of individual.  

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According to medical research, coconut oil benefits the body in the following ways: alzheimers Illustration 1. Proven Alzheimer’s Disease Natural Treatment

The digestion of MCFA’s by the liver creates ketones which are a readily accessible energy by the brain. Ketones supply energy to the brain without the need of insulin to process glucose into energy. Recent research has shown that the brain actually creates it’s own insulin to process glucose and power brain cells. As the brain of an Alzheimer’s patient has lost the ability to create it’s own insulin, the ketones from coconut oil could create an alternate source of energy to help repair brain function. (1, 2) 2. Prevents Heart Disease and High Blood Pressure Coconut oil is high in natural saturated fats. Saturated fats not only increase the healthy cholesterol (known as HDL) in your body, but also help to convert the LDL “bad” cholesterol into good cholesterols. By Increasing the HDL’s in the body, it helps promote heart health, and lower the risk of heart disease. Human Kidneys, urinary system 3. Cures UTI and Kidney Infection & Protects the Liver

Coconut oil has been known to clear up and heal urinary (UTI) and kidney infections. The MCFA’s in the oil work as a natural antibiotic by disrupting the lipid coating on bacteria and killing them. Also there is a study showing that coconut oil directly protected the liver from damage. Coconut water also helps hydrate and support the healing process. Doctors have even injected the coconut water to clear up kidney stones. Coconut is a super powerful food! 4. Reduces Inflammation and Arthritis In a study in India, the high levels of antioxidants present in virgin coconut oil reduced inflammation and healing arthritis more effectively than leading medications. (4) In another recent study, coconut oil that was harvested with only medium heat was found to suppress inflammatory cells. It worked as both an analgesic and anti-inflammatory. Fighting cancer 5. Cancer Prevention and Treatment

Coconut oil has two qualities that help it fight cancer. One, because of the ketones produced in it’s digestion. Tumor cells are not able to access the energy in ketones and are glucose dependent. It is believed that a ketogenic diet could be a possible component of helping cancer patients recover. Two, as the MCFA’s digest the lipid walls of bacteria, they also can kill the helicobacter pylori bacteria that has been known as increasing the risk of stomach cancer. Even in studies where cancer is chemically induced, the introduction of coconut oil prevents cancer from developing! 6. Immune System Boost (antibacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral) Coconut oil contains lauric acid, which is known to reduce candida, fight bacteria, and create a hostile environment for viruses. Many diseases today are causes by the overgrowth of bad bacteria, funguses, viruses and parasites in the body. You can replace grains and sugar in your diet with coconut oil as your natural fuel source when you’re sick. Sugar feeds the growth of bad bacteria. Instead take 1 TBSP of coconut oil 3x daily when sick and consume plenty of vegetables and bone broth as well. bright ideas lightbulb, memory 7. Improves Memory and Brain Function

In a 2004 study published in the journal of Neurobiology of Aging, they found that the MCFA’s found in coconut oil improved the memory problems in their older subjects. Across all the patients there was a marked improvement in their recall ability after taking this fatty acid. As the MCFA’s are absorbed easily in the body and can be accessed in the brain without the use of insulin, they are able to fuel brain cells more efficiently. (5) 8. Improves Energy and Endurance Coconut oil is easy to digest, but also produces a longer sustained energy and increases your metabolism. When taking a quality non-processed coconut oil, you can get the most benefit as it’s MCFA’s are sent directly to the liver to be converted into energy! Today, many triathletes will use coconut oil as their source of fuels during training and races for long distance events. You can make a homemade energy fuel by mixing coconut oil, raw honey and chia seeds together. Simply put together 1 TBSP of each and consume 30 minutes prior to exercise. Gastritis, Stomach Ulcers improvement 9. Improves Digestion, Reduces Stomach Ulcers & Ulcerative Colitis

Coconut also improves digestion as it helps the body to absorb fat-soluble vitamins, calcium, and magnesium. If coconut oil is taken at the same time as omega-3 fatty acids, it can make them twice as effective, as they are readily available to be digested and used by the body. Coconut oil can help improve bacteria and gut health by destroying bad bacteria and candida. Candida imbalance especially can decrease stomach acid which causes inflammation and poor digestion. 10. Reduces Symptoms of Gallbladder Disease & Pancreatitis The MCFA’s of coconut oil do not need the pancreatic enzymes to be broken down, so taking coconut oil eases the strain on the pancreas. Additionally, this super fat is so easy to digest that it has been known to improve the symptoms of gallbladder disease as well. Replace other long-chain fats with coconut oil to improve gallbladder and total body health. 11. Improves Skin Issues (burns, eczema, dandruff, dermatitis, and psoriasis) Coconut oil is wonderful as a face cleanser, moisturizer and sun screen, but also it can treat many skin disorders. The fatty acids (Caprylic and Lauric) in coconut oil reduce inflammation internally and externally and moisturize making them a great solution for all types of skin conditions. It protects the skin and has many antioxidants that make it ideal for healing the skin. In addition the antimicrobial properties balance out the candida or fungal sources that can cause many skin conditions. healthy teeth and gums, bright white smile 12. Prevents Gum Disease and Tooth Decay

Oil pulling with coconut oil has been used for centuries as a way to cleanse the mouth of bacteria and help heal periodontal disease. Coconut oil is one of the most effective oils for oil pulling due to it’s high concentration of antibacterial MCFA’s. By swishing the oil in your mouth the oil denatures the bacteria and sticks to it. Removing oral bacteria greatly reduces your risk of periodontal disease. If you want to heal your gums and repair your teeth, I recommend coconut oil pulling 3x a week for 20 minutes a day. 13. Prevents Osteoporosis Oxidative stress and free radicals are the two biggest culprits of osteoporosis. Since coconut oil has such high levels of antioxidants which help fight free radicals, it is a leading natural treatment for osteoporosis. Another of the amazing coconut oil benefits is that it increases calcium absorption in the gut. Research with osteoporosis has found that coconut oil not only increases bone volume and structure in subjects, but also decreased bone loss due to osteoporosis. (6) Man writing Diabetes 14. Improves Type II Diabetes

When cells refuse to respond to insulin and no longer take in glucose for energy, then they are considered insulin resistant. The pancreas then pumps out more insulin to compensate and creates an overproduction cycle. Insulin resistance is the precursor to Type II diabetes. The MCFA’s in coconut oil helps balance the insulin reactions in the cells and promote healthy digestive process. They take off the strain on the pancreas and give the body a consistent energy source that is not dependent on glucose reactions which can prevent insulin resistance and Type II diabetes. Weight loss, losing inches 15. Coconut Oil for Weight loss

Because of the energy creating abilities of coconut oil, it is no wonder that it is beneficial in losing weight. It helps to burn fat, decrease appetite and it studies it was especially helpful in losing belly fat! Coconut’s ability to help you shed fat has been well established. A 1985 study published in the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health proved that a single injection of capric acid resulted in “initially rapid, then gradual decrease in food consumption and a parallel loss of body weight” in male rats. It might seem counterintuitive to assume that eating coconut oil (a fat) will contribute to fat loss, but it is actually quite logical. The key to understanding this phenomenon lays in the multidimensional ability of the MCFAs to control a variety of physiological processes. For example, in the 1985 study mentioned above, it was discovered that capric acid shows significant improvements in thyroid function, helps lower resting heart rate, and assists your body in burning fat for energy. More recently, the Obesity Research Journal published a study from Boston University Medical School that gives us a clue why MCFAs have fat burning ability. (7) Testing the effects that MFCAs have on fat breakdown, adipose (fatty) cells in rats were pretreated with caprylic acid. They observed that fat breakdown occurred at such a significant level that it literally mimicked the characteristics of fasting. Fasting, in this sense, is not to be regarded as negative, but positive in that the body uses its energy reserves most effectively and speeds up the breakdown of needless fat reserves. In the words of the researchers who conducted this study, “Such changes could contribute, in part, to weight loss in animals and humans associated with dietary medium-chain fatty acids.” man flexing muscle bicep 16. Building Muscle and Losing Body Fat

MCFAs aren’t just good for burning fat; they are also great for building muscle. The MCFAs found in coconut are also used in popular muscle building products like Muscle Milk™. The vast majority of heavily produced supplements however, use processed forms of MCFAs. By eating actual coconuts, however, you get the “real deal.” I recommend adding 3 tbsp of coconut oil to a muscle building shake daily. 17. Coconut Oil Benefits for Hair Care If you have dandruff or dry hair coconut oil has the perfect fatty acids to help improve these conditions. You can make homemade coconut lavender shampoo to improve your hair and use straight coconut oil as an all natural hair conditioner. To get rid of dandruff and to thicken hair massage 1 tbsp coconut oil mixed with 10 drops of rosemary essential oil into your scalp for 3 minutes. Then shower 30 minutes later. 18. Candida and Yeast Infections A study published in the journal of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy found the capric acid and lauric acid in coconut oil were an effective natural treatment for candida albicans and yeast infections. To effectively kill candida and treat yeast infections remove processed sugar and refined grains from your diet and consume plenty of healthy fats. Take 1 tbsp of coconut oil 3x daily as a supplement. (8) 19. Coconut Oil for Anti-aginganti-aging woman's face

According to research published in the medical journal Food and Function, coconut oil improves antioxidant levels and can slow aging. Coconut oil works by reducing stress on the liver and by lowering oxidative stress. (9) Also, they found that coconut oil may support detoxification because of how it works with the liver. To naturally slow aging take 1 tbsp of coconut oil with anti-oxidant rich berries for breakfast. You can also apply it directly to skin for additional benefits and smoothing. 20. Coconut Oil for Hormone Balance Using coconut oil benefits your hormones as well! Coconut oil may help naturally balance hormones because it’s a great source of saturated fat including lauric acid. Studies have found that coconut oil may be an excellent fat to consume during menopause and also may have positives effects on estrogen levels. (10) In order to naturally balance hormones reduce sugar and grain consumption and load up on healthy fats from coconut, avocado, flax seeds and ghee. Proven Coconut Oil Health Benefits List infographic Coconut Oil Side Effects There are rarely any side effects for coconut oil. Occasionally a contact allergy may occur for certain individuals that are allergic to coconuts. Some of the cleaning products created by coconut oil have been known to cause contact allergies as well, but it is not common. (11) In fact, coconut oil is known for reducing side effects of many medications. And in studies, it reduced the symptoms and side effects of cancer treatments! (12) Coconut OilHow to Take Coconut Oil I use coconut oil for all of my cooking and baking, and I will often put a tablespoon of it in my morning smoothie. You can also apply it directly to your skin or as a carrier for essential oils or blends. *WARNING – refined or processed coconut oil can be bleached, over-heated, and chemically processed to increase its shelf-life. Processing the oil changes the chemical makeup and the fats are no longer good for you!