appraise the role of government in poverty alleviation in Nigeria

TABLE OF CONTENT Preliminary page Title page Approval page Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of content CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Statement of the problem 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.5 SCOPE OF RESEARCH 1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES 1.7 Limitation of the study 1.8 Definition of terms----------------------------10 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature review------------------------------11 2.1 Introduction-----------------------------------11 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Research design and methodology------------ 29 3.1 Introduction----------------------------------- 29 3.2 Research design------------------------------- 30 3.3 Source/methodology of data collection-------- 31 3.4 Population and sample size-------------------- 31 3.5 Sample technique ------------------------------32 3.6 Validity and reliability of measuring instrument33 3.7 Method of data analysis------------------------33 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Presentation and analysis of datA 4.1 Introduction------------------------------------ 34 4.2 Presentation of data----------------------------34 4.3 Analysis of data-------------------------------- 34 4.4 Test of hypothesis ----------------------------- 41 4.5 Interpretation of result-------------------------41 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Summary, conclusion and Recommendation---42 ABSTRACT The study is to appraise the role of government in poverty alleviation in Nigeria with a special reference to National Poverty Eradication Programme NAPEP. The researcher used primary and secondary source of data for collection of data from the respondents. The responses from the administered questionnaire were analyses in chapter four and hypothesis formulated in chapter one were tested and the decision were made and alternative hypothesis was accepted and the null hypothesis was rejected. From the study it was discovered that the empowerment programmes of government have lifted a lot of the citizens out of abject poverty. The findings also show that lack of proper implementation of government policies on poverty alleviation has hindered the achievement of the programme. It was also discovered that one of the basic problems identified to be militating against the efficient operations of the programme is “inadequate facilities and logistic support”. Based on the findings it was recommended that necessary facilities, equipments and logistics should be provided to the programme to enhance better performance most especially if the self-reliance objective of the programmes is to be achieved. The credit schemes should be properly funded, strengthened and made to provide basic loans to grandaunts of various skill acquisition programmes, to enable them establish own business. Also, it was recommended that there is the need for an effective monitoring of the entire activities of the programme at all stages of implementation. In this way, diversion of fund/resources to other uses as well as mismanagement of resources will be checked. Table of content CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background of the study BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Prior to the commercial mining of fossil oil in Nigeria, the economy depended mainly on agricultural products for its domestic food supply and foreign exchange earnings. This situation however, changed as the advent of oil boom led to the neglect of the agricultural sector. In addition, the nation’s economic policies during the oil boom period paid little or no attention to the non-oil export sector. The result of this neglect was that Nigeria turned from being a major agricultural exporter and largely self-sufficient in food in the 1960s to a net food importer in the 1970s (Atoloye, 1997). The World Bank Report on Poverty and Welfare in Nigeria (World Bank, n.d.) which described the undesirable effects of developing one sector on the activities in other sector(s) of the economy provided a good illustration of the crisis in Nigeria. The report revealed that though Nigeria has abundant land, oil and natural resources, many of her citizens are still very poor (World Bank, n.d.). The Bank observed that the country’s earnings of about U.S. $200 billion between 1970 and 1990 from oil had impacted little on the welfare of the people, especially the poor, as the oil revenue had not been wisely invested in productive ventures to provide a sustainable stream of benefits to the poor. The economic depression in the economy became glaring as the growth rates in the nation’s gross domestic product (G.D.P.) which averaged 10 percent between 1970 and 1973; and 8% between 1974 and 1980 did not only decline but became negative from 1980 with an average of -6% between 1980 and 1984 (Osagie, 1992). According to Central Bank of Nigeria and World Bank (1999), as from the late 1970s, the nation has had to contend with deteriorating terms of trade, excessive importation and debt over-hang, amidst adverse economic environment caused by oil shocks and world economic depression. The Nigerian government in a bid to curb the depression adopted the Structural Adjustment Programme (S.A.P) in 1986. The cardinal objectives of S.A.P included: diversification of the productive base of the economy so as to curtail dependence on the oil sector and imports to achieve a fiscal and balance of payments viability over the medium term; laying a solid foundation for non-inflationary growth and lessening the importance of non-productive investments in the public sector efficiency; intensifying the growth potential of the private sector and attracting fresh foreign loans (Egwim, 1989). During the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programme, it was realised that unintended negative effects of the programme such as accentuation of income inequality, unequal access to food, shelter, education, health and other necessities of life became more prominent in the Nigerian state with the poor being the most affected group (National Planning Commission,1995). As pointed out by Demery and Addison (1988), adjustment policies could affect the poor adversely in two ways: First, in the short-run, adjustment policies may reduce the real income and consumption of poor groups. They cited a World Bank study as having compared such initial adverse effects to a ‘crossing of the desert’ in which those who were least able to cope with the crossing require some temporary relief to tide them over. Secondly, in the long run, some poor groups may not benefit from the processes put in place by the adjustment effort. To Demery and Addison (1988), adjustment policies shape development and influence the distribution of income for years into the future and will have different effects on the poor. This view has been buttressed by Atoloye’s (1997), who argued that marginalisation of the middle class in Nigeria’s economic growth process especially since the introduction of S.A.P. had disrupted the traditional economic link between the middle class and the low-income group (those mostly affected by poverty) by which the former complemented the latter. Hence, the problem associated with the Structural Adjustment Programme has gone beyond ‘crossing of the desert’ as the marginalization of the middle class, has, in addition to disruption of the economic link between this class and the low income group (the poor) led to the emergence of the new poor. It is the realization of the adverse effects of S.A.P. on the poor that prompted the introduction of policies and programmes to alleviate poverty and provide safety-nets for the poor in the economy (National Planning Commission, 1995). These programmes include: the National Directorate of Employment (NDE); the People’s Bank; the Community Bank Scheme; the Better Life Programme (BLP)/Family Support Programme (FSP); Family Economic Advancement Programme (FEAP); the Directorate for Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI); the Primary Health Care (PHC); the Federal Urban Mass Transit Scheme; the National Agricultural Land Development Authority (N.A.L.D.A); the Poverty Alleviation Programme (P.A.P) and now, the National Poverty Eradication Programme (N.AP.E.P). According to Odejide (1997); Anyanwu (1997); Aku, Ibrahim and Bulus (1997), the following can be categorized as poor: (1) illiterates, (2) wage earners, (3) households headed by older people and women whose nutritional needs are not being met adequately, (4) residents of isolated rural areas that lack essential infrastructure and (5) those who fall below the poverty line and whose incomes cannot afford their basic needs. Others are urban squatters and ‘street’ children, ethnic minorities and all those who are not only marginalized and deprived but also suffer economic, political, social and cultural persecution; those who have lost their jobs and youths who have not been able to find employment as a result of economic reforms under the SAP. Though most Nigerians are quick to attribute the causes of failures of policies and programmes to corruption and implementation bottlenecks, it is expected that the trickle down effects of these policies and programmes should have at least reduced poverty instead of the present situation where NPC (1995), Onibokun and Kumuyi (1996) opined that government policies and programmes have not only aggravated the level of mass poverty in Nigeria but that poverty has been continuous and worsening. This is affirmed by data from Federal Office of Statistics (1999). These data indicate that while no State in Nigeria had more than half of its population categorized as poor in 1980, by 1996, only one state (Rivers) had less than half of its population categorized as poor. The nation’s general picture depicts a continuous rise in poverty incidence. While in 1980 only 27. 2% of the Nigerian population were said to be poor, the proportion increased to 46.3%, 65.6% and 80% in 1985, 1996 and 1998 respectively. Though the trend according to Ogwumike (2001) and World Fact Book (2004) declined to 70% and 60% in 1999 and 2000 respectively, the fact that over 50% of the Nigerian population was still categorized as poor implied in the words of Kwanashie (2000) that the level of poverty has remained unacceptable. The high incidence of poverty in Nigeria has become a concern to policy makers and indeed all well-meaning Nigerians because, as argued by United Nations Development Programme (2001), it has not only increased from 27. 2% in 1980 to 80% in 1998 but it is estimated to be rising by 10% in every 3 years. In addition, despite several efforts by government, non-governmental organizations, international donor agencies, the nation’s poverty situation has become worse judging by different indices. The nation’s pathetic poverty situation amidst rich resources endowment coupled with efforts to alleviate it has been summarized by Ali-Akpajiak and Pyke (2003:6) as follows: all documentation, official or otherwise shows that poverty in Nigeria in all forms is rising at an increasingly fast pace. Nigeria’s social statistics rank it among the worst in south Saharan Africa even though it possesses the greatest natural resources… Given that Nigeria is the seventh largest exporter of oil in the world, these revelations are distressing… The poverty profile of Nigeria does indeed present a very sombre picture of a rich nation in decline. The nation’s poverty situation becomes more disturbing when compared with nations that are similarly or even less endowed with resources as it has been described by Kwanashie (2000) as one of the poorest nations in the world despite its abundant resources. Nigeria is world’s seventh largest exporter of oil, sixth largest producer in OPEC, Africa’s largest oil exporter and the fifth biggest source of United State’s oil imports. This enormous wealth is a good potential for effective alleviation or reduction and possibly eradication of poverty (National Planning Commission, 2004; Oil Statistics, n.d.; Thomas and Canagarajah, 2002). Yet, Nigeria is not only one of the poorest countries in the world but also in Africa and indeed in south Saharan Africa. As long as majority of Nigerians remain poor, accompanied by limited social development, the nation’s great natural wealth not withstanding, it will be difficult for the country to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) argued National Planning Commission (2004). From the foregoing, the World Bank’s ‘crossing of the desert’ has not only become an illusion but got more Nigerians ‘trapped in the desert’ as poverty has turned to be a widespread phenomenon in the country. It is an irony to witness worsening poverty level amidst efforts to alleviate it. Thus, the reality of persistent poverty in Nigeria along side various poverty alleviation programmes has compelled one to re-think the dynamics of the role of government in intervening to minimize social and economic inequalities, especially for rural people who are predominantly poor and in places where the poor people are located. It is in the light of this that a research into the appraisal of poverty alleviation programmes in the study area is considered worth while most especially that majority of the people in the study area are not only farmers but also rural dwellers. 1.2 Statement of the problem Poverty alleviation programmes in an economy are aimed at improving the welfare of those who are categorized as poor. The poverty alleviation programmes considered in this study have been in place for about nineteen (19) years. However, available statistics do not appear to be suggesting any remarkable improvement in the poverty situation in Nigeria. Nigeria has consistently been classified among the poorest countries in the world. According to 2005 World Bank report, Nigeria has been rated as the second poorest country in the world, only better than Ethiopia which was reported as the poorest in the world. In fact, World Bank’s, United Nations Development Programme’s, International Monetary Fund’s and Federal Office of Statistic’s figures show an increase in overall poverty level. This research is therefore designed to examine this phenomenon of a myriad of poverty alleviation programmes without commensurate results. Specifically, the study is aimed at providing answers to the following questions. (i). What is the extent of coverage of selected poverty alleviation programmes in the study area? (ii). How do benefiting communities/individuals perceive these programmes? (iii). Have poverty alleviation programmes reduced poverty incidence among beneficiaries in the study area? (iv). Have these programmes brought about a reduction in poverty levels in the study area? (v). How sustainable are these poverty alleviation programmes? 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES A way of studying the performance of any poverty alleviation programme in a particular area is by comparing its targeted objectives to achievements. This will enable one ascertain the extent to which such a strategy has contributed in reducing or eradicating poverty in the area. Since many poverty alleviation programmes have been adopted in Nigeria, it is necessary to examine the contribution of each of them to poverty alleviation in specific areas of the country. This will go a long way to reveal the effectiveness or otherwise of the programmes in alleviating poverty in such areas and the nation at large. The objective of this research is to determine whether or not Nigerian poverty alleviation programmes have significantly contributed to alleviation of poverty in Benue, Nasarawa and Plateau states. Within the framework of the above, the research has specifically sought to: a. Identify Nigeria’s poverty alleviation programmes between 1986 and 2003 with the aim of finding out the ones that have been most beneficial to the poor in the study area. b. Identify the beneficiaries of such programmes and the location of the beneficiaries within the sampled states. c. Find out if the target population of such programmes in policy-making are actually reached in implementation. d. Examine the performance of such programmes in alleviating poverty in the study area. e. Find out if, in fact, poverty alleviation programmes have significantly led to poverty reduction in the research area or not. f. Identify reasons for non performance of the programmes, if indeed they have not performed well, and suggest possible remedial measures. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY It is the intention of this study to unveil problem areas in the implementation of poverty alleviation programmes as well as to proffer policy recommendations that would benefit both the governments and relevant poverty alleviation agencies in their quest for poverty alleviation and/or eradication in the three states and Nigeria in general. Examination of strategies used in implementing poverty alleviation programmes in Nigeria which have had little or no impact on the poverty situation in the country are expected be of significance to those that are saddled with the planning and implementation of ongoing and future poverty alleviation programmes. It is hoped that this study has provided answers to questions asked on the fate of the poor in the study area amidst government poverty alleviation programmes. It is the intention of the study to stimulate further investigations into the problem of persistent rise in poverty incidence in Nigeria with a view of eradicating poverty in the country. 1.5 SCOPE OF RESEARCH The study covers the period 1986 to 2003. The poverty alleviation programmes covered are those implemented by the government of Nigeria. Specifically, the study has attempted to appraise the activities of the National Directorate of Employment (NDE), the People’s Bank of Nigeria (PBN) and the Primary Health Care (PHC). For the purpose of this study, they are treated as poverty alleviation programmes since they have been aimed at providing safety nets for the poor. The choice of these three programmes is predicated on the fact that they seem to cover larger population unlike many that have been hijacked by the privileged class. Each of the three states (Benue, Nasarawa and Plateau) in the study area was divided into two zones and in each zone; one local government area was randomly picked for the study. In selecting the local government areas to be covered, both rural and urban areas were considered to enable us ascertain the proportion of beneficiaries of these programmes in both areas. The choice of these states is based on the fact that prior to 1976, they were all in one state (Benue - Plateau). It is thus necessary to embark on a poverty study in these states that had a common socio-political background. It is however important to note that although the work initially desired to study five local government areas in each of the three states, discussions during the seminar presentations led to the need to reduce the number of local government areas in each state to two due to limited time and financial resources. The reduction in number of local government areas has not in anyway affected the expected result as the programmes being studied are not restricted to selected local government areas by the policies that established them. 1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES This research has been pre-occupied with finding out the extent to which poverty alleviation programmes have reduced poverty in Benue, Nasarawa and Plateau states. Specifically, the research was centered on three hypotheses. While the first hypothesis dealt with the proportion of beneficiaries who live below or above the poverty line, the second and third hypotheses which are stated in chapter four focused on examination of statistical significance. Hypothesis 1 Ho1: Poverty alleviation programmes have not significantly reduced poverty in the three states. Hi1: Poverty alleviation programmes have significantly reduced poverty in the three states. Where: Ho1 is the null hypothesis and Hi1 is the alternative hypothesis. The apriori expectation of the hypothesis is that, if more than 50% of the sampled population lived below the poverty line at the time of data collection, the null hypothesis was to be accepted and the alternative hypothesis rejected but if less than 50% lived below the poverty line, the null hypothesis was to be rejected in favour of the alternative hypothesis 1.8 Limitation of the study Some problem were encountered during this research\ project work such as: 1. TIME CONTRAINT; The researcher has no sufficient time to frequent the area of study due to compiled academic works facing him. he also has limited time in fixing the facts collected during the research work. 2. INFORMATION CONSTRAINTS The research encountered high compliance from the case study (Imo state) due to secrecy of some information. 3. FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT The researcher has problem financing this work. This was due to the fact that during this work, there was drastic increase in the cost of living, transport, printing and binding of project. However, I thank God for making me (researcher) to finish the work and present it fairly. 4. Another problem the researcher has was getting the recent three –five financial statements (annual report) of the company to aid this work.

examines on the liquid soap production

Abstract This study examines on one of the liquid soap production done at Destiny supermarket during four months I.T., Liquid soap or bubble bath compositions are provided which comprise a glycoside surfactant, a nonionic foam booster and water and which have a viscosity of at least about 1,000 centipoises. Such compositions have a pleasing texture or consistency, are mild and fast rinsing and do not necessarily require the use of conventional moisturizing agents or additives. Introduction The present invention pertains to liquid detergent compositions suitable for use as liquid hand-soap or bubble bath products. More particularly, such invention pertains to liquid hand-soap or bubble bath products or formulations which comprise a nonionic glycoside surfactant, a nonionic foam booster and water and which have a viscosity of at least about 1,000 cps. CHART FOR LIQUID SOAP PRODUCTION INGREDIENT WEIGHING SOAKING MIXING PACKAGING STOARAGE EXPLANATION OF CHART FOR LIQUID SOAP PRODUCTION INGREDIENT: The ingredients used are as follow: water, colourants, soda ash, sodium, ant sol, sulphuric acid, perfume and formalin. Soaking: the ant sol should be soak for two days, but sometimes when you want to soak overnight you are required to turn it on hourly bases. For ¼ of ant sol add 1 liter of water to dissolve it. Mixing: It’s a unit where the mixture of soap base the perfume and the other addictives that are used for liquid soap is been stirred at an rpm that has been defined and the stirrer is been built by jacket for hot reaction for the soap molten that has been set up. Or stirred manually with hands for 1-hour. Weighting: Weight is determined by the heaviness, or mass, of the particular item, and is measured with the use of a scale. Packaging and labeling: After production you transfer the product into a smaller cans, position the package products serially and put a uniform sizeable label on the container after labeling. Storage: storage for liquid soap is scented with pure essential oils. Should these be kept in colored bottles to prevent light degradation and in air tight container to prevent in let of air? CONCLUSION I discovered that nonionic glycoside surfactants, when properly formulated with certain other ingredients as hereinafter discussed, are eminently well suited for use in liquid soap and bubble bath compositions. REFERENCE 1. IUPAC. "IUPAC Gold Book – soap" Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook. Accessed 2010-08-09 2. Cavitch, Susan Miller. The Natural Soap Book. Storey Publishing, 1994 ISBN 0-88266-888-9. 3. Thorsten Bartels et al. "Lubricants and Lubrication" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_423 4. WHO accessed October 2014 http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/emergencies/qa/emergencies_qa17/en/ 5. David J. Anneken, Sabine Both, Ralf Christoph, Georg Fieg, Udo Steinberner, Alfred Westfechtel "Fatty Acids" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_245.pub2 6. How to make handmade vegetable soap May 23, 2014, from http://howikis.com/Make_Handmade_Vegetable_Soap 7. Willcox, Michael (2000). "Soap". In Hilda Butler. Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps (10th ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 453. ISBN 0-7514-0479-9. The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BCE in ancient Babylon. 8. Noted in Martin Levey (1958). "Gypsum, salt and soda in ancient Mesopotamian chemical technology". Isis 49 (3): 336–342 (341). doi:10.1086/348678. JSTOR 226942. 9. Pliny the Elder, Natural History, XXVIII.191. See also Martial, Epigrammata, VIII, 33, 20.

REPORT ON CAR TRACKING

REPORT ON CAR TRACKING Introduction A vehicle tracking system combines the use of automatic vehicle location in individual vehicles with software that collects these fleet data for a comprehensive picture of vehicle locations. Modern vehicle tracking systems commonly use GPS or GLONASS technology for locating the vehicle, but other types of automatic vehicle location technology can also be used. Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or specialized software. Urban public transit authorities are an increasingly common user of vehicle tracking systems, particularly in large cities. Active versus passive tracking Several types of vehicle tracking devices exist. Typically they are classified as "passive" and "active". "Passive" devices store GPS location, speed, heading and sometimes a trigger event such as key on/off, door open/closed. Once the vehicle returns to a predetermined point, the device is removed and the data downloaded to a computer for evaluation. Passive systems include auto download type that transfer data via wireless download. "Active" devices also collect the same information but usually transmit the data in near-real-time via cellular or satellite networks to a computer or data center for evaluation. Many modern vehicle tracking devices combine both active and passive tracking abilities: when a cellular network is available and a tracking device is connected it transmits data to a server; when a network is not available the device stores data in internal memory and will transmit stored data to the server later when the network becomes available again. Historically, vehicle tracking has been accomplished by installing a box into the vehicle, either self-powered with a battery or wired into the vehicle's power system. For detailed vehicle locating and tracking this is still the predominant method; however, many companies are increasingly interested in the emerging cell phone technologies that provide tracking of multiple entities, such as both a salesperson and their vehicle. These systems also offer tracking of calls, texts, web use and generally provide a wider range of options. Typical architecture Major constituents of the GPS based tracking are 1. GPS tracking device: The device fits into the vehicle and captures the GPS location information apart from other vehicle information at regular intervals to a central server. The other vehicle information can include fuel amount, engine temperature, altitude, reverse geocoding, door open/close, tire pressure, cut off fuel, turn off ignition, turn on headlight, turn on taillight, battery status, GSM area code/cell code decoded, number of GPS satellites in view, glass open/close, fuel amount, emergency button status, cumulative idling, computed odometer, engine RPM, throttle position,GPRS status and a lot more. Capability of these devices actually decide the final capability of the whole tracking system. 2. GPS tracking server: The tracking server has three responsibilities: receiving data from the GPS tracking unit, securely storing it, and serving this information on demand to the user. 3. User interface: The UI determines how one will be able to access information, view vehicle data, and elicit important details from it. Common uses Vehicle tracking systems are commonly used by fleet operators for fleet management functions such as fleet tracking, routing, dispatching, on-board information and security.[1] Along with commercial fleet operators, urban transit agencies use the technology for a number of purposes, including monitoring schedule adherence of buses in service, triggering changes of buses' destination sign displays at the end of the line (or other set location along a bus route), and triggering pre-recorded announcements for passengers. The American Public Transportation Association estimated that, at the beginning of 2009, around half of all transit buses in the United States were already using a GPS-based vehicle tracking system to trigger automated stop announcements. This can refer to external announcements (triggered by the opening of the bus's door) at a bus stop, announcing the vehicle's route number and destination, primarily for the benefit of visually impaired customers, or to internal announcements (to passengers already on board) identifying the next stop, as the bus (or tram) approaches a stop, or both. Data collected as a transit vehicle follows its route is often continuously fed into a computer program which compares the vehicle's actual location and time with its schedule, and in turn produces a frequently updating display for the driver, telling him/her how early or late he/she is at any given time, potentially making it easier to adhere more closely to the published schedule. Such programs are also used to provide customers with real-time information as to the waiting time until arrival of the next bus or tram/streetcar at a given stop, based on the nearest vehicles' actual progress at the time, rather than merely giving information as to the scheduled time of the next arrival.[3] Transit systems providing this kind of information assign a unique number to each stop, and waiting passengers can obtain information by entering the stop number into an automated telephone system or an application on the transit system's website. Some transit agencies provide a virtual map on their website, with icons depicting the current locations of buses in service on each route, for customers' information, while others provide such information only to dispatchers or other employees. Other applications include monitoring driving behavior, such as an employer of an employee, or a parent with a teen driver. Vehicle tracking systems are also popular in consumer vehicles as a theft prevention, monitoring and retrieval device. Police can simply follow the signal emitted by the tracking system and locate the stolen vehicle. When used as a security system, a Vehicle Tracking System may serve as either an addition to or replacement for a traditional car alarm. Some vehicle tracking systems make it possible to control vehicle remotely, including block doors or engine in case of emergency. The existence of vehicle tracking device then can be used to reduce the insurance cost, because the loss-risk of the vehicle drops significantly. Vehicle tracking systems are an integrated part of the "layered approach" to vehicle protection, recommended by the National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB) to prevent motor vehicle theft. This approach recommends four layers of security based on the risk factors pertaining to a specific vehicle. Vehicle Tracking Systems are one such layer, and are described by the NICB as “very effective” in helping police recover stolen vehicles. Some vehicle tracking systems integrate several security systems, for example by sending an automatic alert to a phone or email if an alarm is triggered or the vehicle is moved without authorization, or when it leaves or enters a geofence. Other scenarios in which this technology is employed include: • Stolen vehicle recovery: Both consumer and commercial vehicles can be outfitted with RF or GPS units to allow police to do tracking and recovery. In the case of LoJack, the police can activate the tracking unit in the vehicle directly and follow tracking signals. • Fleet management: When managing a fleet of vehicles, knowing the real-time location of all drivers allows management to meet customer needs more efficiently. Whether it is delivery, service or other multi-vehicle enterprises, drivers now only need a mobile phone with telephony or Internet connection to be inexpensively tracked by and dispatched efficiently. • Asset tracking: Companies needing to track valuable assets for insurance or other monitoring purposes can now plot the real-time asset location on a map and closely monitor movement and operating status. • Field service management: Companies with a field service workforce for services such as repair or maintenance, must be able to plan field workers’ time, schedule subsequent customer visits and be able to operate these departments efficiently. Vehicle tracking allows companies to quickly locate a field engineer and dispatch the closest one to meet a new customer request or provide site arrival information. • Field sales: Mobile sales professionals can access real-time locations. For example, in unfamiliar areas, they can locate themselves as well as customers and prospects, get driving directions and add nearby last-minute appointments to itineraries. Benefits include increased productivity, reduced driving time and increased time spent with customers and prospects. • Trailer tracking: Haulage and Logistics companies often operate lorries with detachable load carrying units. The part of the vehicle that drives the load is known as the cab and the load carrying unit is known as the trailer. There are different types of trailer used for different applications, e.g., flat bed, refrigerated, curtain sider, box container. • Surveillance: A tracker may be placed on a vehicle to follow the vehicle's movements.[7] • Transit tracking: This is the temporary tracking of assets or cargoes from one point to another. Users will ensure that the assets do not stop on route or do a U-Turn in order to ensure the security of the assets. • Fuel Monitoring: This is another important usage of vehicle tracking to monitor the fuel through tracking device. • Distance Calculation: This is an important usage of vehicle tracking to calculate the distance travel by the fleet. Vehicle tracking systems are widely used worldwide. Components come in various shapes and forms but most utilize GPS technology and GSM services. While most will offer real-time tracking, Others record real time data and store it to be read, similar to data loggers. systems like these track and record and allow reports after certain points have been solved. Unconventional uses Industries not traditionally known to use vehicle tracking systems (logistics and transportation industries are the ones that have traditionally incorporated vehicle tracking system into their operations) have started to use it in creative ways to improve their processes or businesses. The hospitality industry have caught on to this technology to improve customer service. For example, a luxury hotel in Singapore has installed vehicle tracking systems in their limousines to ensure they can welcome their VIPs when they reach the hotel. Vehicle tracking systems used in food delivery vans may alert if the temperature of the refrigerated compartment moves outside of the range of safe food storage temperatures. Car rental companies are also using it to monitor their rental fleets. References 1. "OEM DD Minipod Fuel Tracking Technology". Retrieved July 3, 2013. 2. "Re: Comments to Access Board Docket Number 2007-1" (PDF). Office of Technical Information Services, APTA. January 20, 2009. p. 3. Retrieved 2009-11-26. 3. "Real-Time Muni Arrival Information Just a Free Call Away". San Francisco MTA. July 13, 2005. Retrieved 2009-11-26. 4. "Cell phone bus tracking applications developed". Metro Magazine. April 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-26. 5. "WebWatch allows you to obtain ‘real-time’ schedule information for your bus stop and (to) track buses in real time.". Duluth Transit Authority. 2007. Retrieved 2009-11-26. 6. "Van Trackers". Ram Tracking. Retrieved 25 September 2013. 7. Claburn, Thomas (March 4, 2009). "Court Asked To Disallow Warrantless GPS Tracking". Information Week. Retrieved 2009-03-18.

FRAMEWORK ON MODERN BANKING

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK/ MODEL SPECIFICATION The underpinning theory employed in this work is a theory arising from intermediation efficiency in an economy. This theory considers broad money supply and currency outside banks as major determinants of the interplay of other macro variables in the efficient management process of a given economy. The theory argues that the lesser the ratio of currency outside banks to broad money supply the higher the intermediation efficiency and vice versa. This suffices that when the currency outside banks diminishes as a result of the increase in the use of electronic forms of payment, particularly ATM and other e-card products, as well as banking habits, the intermediation efficiency will be positive, otherwise it will be negative. Based on the assumption above we may therefore specify the below equation: COB/M2= F (ATM+ POS+ MOB +BH)... (1) The above equation can be stated as follows or could be modified and transposed to reflect an intermediation efficiency mode L as follows: IE = ATM+ POS+ MOB +INTS+ Ut . . (2) Therefore we state the above as follows: IE= b0+ b1ATM + b2POS+ b3MOB+ b4INTS + Ut... (3)Where IE= COB/M2whichrepresents ratio of currency outside banks to broad money supply, reflecting the impact of the use of electronic forms of payment as well as banking habits. ATM = automated teller machine service value service value, POS = point of sales service value, MOB = mobile service value and INTS =internet service value .

the influennce of leadership style on sub-ordinate job effectiveness

Conversation opened. 1 unread message. Skip to content Using Gmail with screen readers CHINEDU Click here to enable desktop notifications for Gmail. Learn more Hide More fas project Inbox x Boniface Ngorube Attachments11:30 AM (0 minutes ago) to me see attached file Attachments area Preview attachment OKOROAFOR PROJECT (BAM).doc [Word] Click here to Reply or Forward 0.06 GB (0%) of 15 GB used Manage Terms - Privacy Last account activity: 1 hour ago Details Boniface Ngorube Show details OKOROAF ... AM).doc Page 1 of 35 1 THE INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLE ON SUB-ORDINATE JOB EFFECTIVENESS (A CASE STUDY OF PZ INDUSTRY ABA) BY OKOROAFOR OBIANUJU.G. REGISTRATION NO: 08H/1160/BAM A PROJECT WORK PRESENTED TO DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIO AND MANAGEMENT, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NEKEDE OWERRI APPROVAL PAGE This is to certify that this project work has been approved by the department of Business Administration and Management. ---------------------------- ---------------------- MR. CHIKWENDU DATE PROJECT SUPERVISOR ---------------------------- ---------------------- MR. OHADIMMA DATE H.O.D ----------------------- ---------------------- MR. C.V. NJOKU DATE ---------------------- ---------------------- EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE DEDIACTION This project work is dedicated to God almighty for his loving cares and favour to me, I also dedicate it to my loving and hard working mother, MRS. VERONICA OKOROAFOR. Also to the loving memory of my beloved late father MR. VICTOR ERIC OKOROAFOR; May the good lord grant him peace and internal rest and to us; fortitude; Amen. Page 1 of 35 Page 2 of 35 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am most thankful to God for his infinite grace and mercy upon me throughout my academic period and also this research work. My appreciation goes to all the people who assisted me directly and indirectly in accomplishing this academic task and this project work. Thanks to you all. I would also love to express a deep sense of gratitude and affection to my mum. MRS. VERONICA OKOROAFOR, who has the greatest influence on my academic. I am particularly indebted to my beloved BROTHER BRO. BEN OBINNA OKOROAFOR, PASTOR ERIC NDU OKOROAFOR, my beloved AUNTY MRS. GEORGINA OKOROAFOR, who deeply contributed to the smooth run and progress of my academic and also to all my sisters especially Aunty Nnenne Okoroafor and Aunty Nkeiruka Nnodim, friends and well wishers. Finally, I lack words to express my sincere gratitude to my HOD, my project supervisor and to my lecturers for their relentless effort, more grace to your elbow. ABSTRACT This project work is written in order to know the influence of leadership style on sub-ordinate job effectiveness. A case study of PZ industry Aba. The study looked into the influence of leadership style in industries. Questionnaire was distributed to the entire management and stafts of PZ industry ABA. This project work was able to identify the various types of leadership style, its merit and demerits, situation where they are applicable. i.e Autocratic leadership style, democratic leadership style and laissez faire leadership style. Autocratic: Adopts the use of threats and coercion to get work done; here the leader does not entertain any suggestions or initiative from his subordinates. While Democratic: This is in contract with the autocratic; the lender takes into consideration the wishes and suggestions of members as well as those of the leaders in decision taking while Laisser faire: Passes his responsibilities to his subordinates, especially in decision taking. The researcher has been able to proffer the following recommendations that; to select the most effective leadership style for a given situation emphasis should be laid on flexibility and sunsititivety to the situation in Page 2 of 35 Page 3 of 35 3 which the lender and the group finds themselves and such situation should be analyzed as A. Forces within the leader B. Forces in the followers C. Forces in the situation. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Approval page Dedication Acknowledgment Abstract Table of contents List of tables List of figures CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background of study 1.2 Statement of the problem 1.3 Purpose/Objective of the study 1.4 Research questions 1.5 Research hypothesis 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Scope/Delimitation of the study 1.8 Limitations of the study 1.9 Definition of terms CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sub-division/Appropriate sub topics CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Research design and methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research design/Methods 3.3 Sources of data 3.4 Methods of data collection 3.5 Population of study and sample size termination 3.6 Sampling techniques/procedure 3.7 Validity and reliability of measuring instruments 3.8 Methods of data/statistical analysis CHAPTER FOUR Page 3 of 35 1 of 35 Displaying OKOROAFOR PROJECT (BAM).doc.

woderful cola, bucholzia coriacea E.

Medicinal Uses Of Wonderful Cola Here are some medicinal benefit of Wonderful Cola and its uses as a quick cure to various kind of diseases. 1. Impotency: Get 3 Wonderful cola, cut it into pieces, prepare with hot (local gin) for 2 days, after that take a shot cup before breakfast and one after meal in the night for 3 days. 2. Ear Disease: Grind a cola with hot (local gin) or water for a day, the next day, put 2 drops in each ear. 3. Eyes Worm: Grind the cola and place towards your sight for some minutes, 3 times a day. 4. Typhoid and Malaria: Get 4 wonderful cola, 4 ginger, 4 bitter cola, cut them into pieces and prepare with 2 bottles of 7up for 2 days. Adult: 2 spoonful, children: 1 tablespoon. 5. Toothache: Get 1 cola, grind and put inside ogogoro (local gin) for some minutes, then put in your mouth for 3 minutes. 6. Worms: Get 2 wonderful cola, grind and put in tonic water for 2 days. Adult: 2 tablespoon and Children: 1 tablespoon, 2 times daily. 7. Rheumatism: Get 4 wonderful cola, 4 ginger, 5 bitter cola, 2 alligator pepper, little iyere spice, scent leaf, pound together and prepare with hot. Take 2 spoon in the morning and in the evening. 8. Gonorrhea: Wonderful cola, potash, tobacco leaf, 15 ampicilin capsules, prepare with hot. Take 2 spoon in the morning and at night. 9. Cholera: Buy 3 wonderful cola, prepare with lime juice and scent juice for 2 days. Adult, 2 spoon; children, 1 spoon 4 times daily. 10. Whit-low: Grind 1 wonderful cola and put in lime juice to ferment, put your affected finger in it for 10 minutes. Do it repeatedly, it will disappear. Antibacterial activity of crude seed extracts of Buchholzia coriacea E. on some pathogenic bacteria T. I. Mbata1*, C. M. Duru2 and H. A. Onwumelu3 1Department of Microbiology, Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria. 2Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria. 3Department of Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria. Accepted 8 October, 2009 The antibacterial efficacy of hot water and methanol extracts of dried seeds of Buchholzia coriacea against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, and Vibrio cholerae were determined using the Agar-gel diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and phytochemistry of the extracts were also evaluated. Results obtained showed that the methanol extracts of the dried seed was potent, inhibiting the isolates with diameter zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 -35.0 mm. The extracts inhibited the growth of the bacterial isolates in a concentration dependant manner with MICs ranging between 9.3 50 mg/ml, and MBCs of 4.1 -17.4 mg/ml. Phytochemical analysis of dried seed extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, resins, saponin, steroidal rings, steroidal terpenes and tannins. The findings from this study could be of interest and suggests the need for further investigations in terms of toxicological studies and purification of active components with the view to using the plant in novel drug development. Key words: Antibacterial activity, phytochemical analysis, Buchholzia coriacea, bacterial isolates. INTRODUCTION Traditional medicine is widespread throughout the world and it can be described as the total combination of knowledge and practices, whether explicable or not, used in diagnosing, preventing or eliminating a physical, mental or social disease and which may rely exclusively on past experience and observation handed down from generation, verbally or written (Sofowora, 1984). Medicinal plants has been defined by WHO consultative group as any plant which in one or more of its organs contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes or which are precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs (Andrews, 1982). For many years medicine depended exclusively on leaves, flowers and barks of plants; only recently have synthetic drugs came into use and in many instances, there are carbon copies of chemicals identified in plants (Conway, 1973). In orthodox medicine, a plant may be subjected to several chemical processes before its active ingredient is extracted, refined and made ready for consumption while in traditional medicine a plant is simply eaten raw, cooked or infused in water or native wine or even prepared as food (Conway, 1973). Buchholzia coriacea E. (Capparidaceae) is a forest tree with large, glossy, leathery leaves and conspicuous cream white flowers in racemes at the end of the branches. The plant is easily recognized by the compound pinnate leaves and the long narrow angular fruits containing large, usually aligned seeds. In Nigeria the plant has various common names including; ‘Ovu’ (Bini), and ‘Aponmu’ (Akure). B. coriacea is found widely distributed in other African countries such as Ivory Coast and Gabon (Keay et al., 1964; Koudogbo et al., 1972). The plant’s fruit is about 5 inches long and 2 -3 inches in diameter and resembles avocado pear, yellowish when ripe with a yellow flesh containing a few large, blackish seeds about 1 inch long. They are edible and taste peppery. It has been used for years to meet a variety of illnesses; since it has been used continually over many generations it is likely that the kola (seed) actually has an effect against illnesses. The leaves and stem bark of Buchholzia in various for 002 J. Dev. Biol. Tissue Eng. mulations, decoctions and concoction exhibit antihelmintic, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects on microorganisms (Ajaiyeoba et al., 2001; Ajaiyeoba et al., 2003; Nweze and Asuzu, 2006; Ezekiel and Onyeoziri, 2009). In Ghana fresh bark of the plants were used for earache (Irvine, 1961). Despite the various reports, information on the antibacterial properties of seeds of the plants on gastrointestinal pathogens is scare. The study was therefore undertaken in order to evaluate the antibacterial activities and phytochemical profile of the crude extracts of seeds of B. coriacea on some gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plants collection The seeds of B. coriacea were collected from Awka, Nigeria and were authenticated by a Taxonomist at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Nigeria. The seeds were air-dried for 5 days to constant weight, cut into pieces and grinded into powder using a sterile electric blender. The powder was then used for extraction of bioactive components. Extraction of plant material Aqueous (water) and organic (methanol) solvents were used for extraction of the active components of the plant part. For aqueous extraction, hot water extraction method as described by Asuzu (1986) was used. 20 g of each of the grounded seeds were extracted by successive soaking for 2 days using 40 ml of hot distilled water in a 250 ml sterile conical flask. The extracts were filtered using Whatman filter paper and the filtrates concentrated in vacuum at 60°C. The concentrated filtrate, now the extracts were then stored in universal bottles in the refrigerator at 4°C prior to use. For organic extraction, 25 g of the powdered plant part was extracted in 250 ml of 95% methanol for 6 h using the soxhlet apparatus as described by Harbone (1993). The volatile oil obtained was concentrated by evaporation using water bath at 100°C for 1 h. Preparation of crude extract Each of the extracts were reconstituted by dilution (methanol crude extract in 50% Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and aqueous extracts in sterile distilled water) to various concentrations of 250, 200, 150, 100 and 50 mg/ml) as described by Akujobi et al. (2004) and used for antibacterial susceptibility testing. Photochemical screening This was carried out according to the methods described by Trease and Evans (1989). Test bacteria Clinical isolates of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae used for this work were collected from the Bacteriology Laboratory Center, University of Nigeria, Teaching Hospital, Enugu. The bacterial isolates were further purified by subculturing each isolate onto fresh plates of Nutrient Agar (NA). The pure isolates were identified using standard biochemical methods (Holt et al., 1994) and then maintained as described by Cruickshank et al. (1980). Determination of antibacterial susceptibility of extracts This was carried out using the agar-gel diffusion method as described by Osadebe and Ukwueze (2004). In this method, broth culture of the test isolates (0.1 ml) containing 1 x 105 cells/ml of organism was aseptically inoculated by spreading evenly onto the surface of NA plates using a bent sterile glass rod. Six wells (5.0 mm diameter) were then made in the plates using a sterile cork borer. The fifth and sixth wells served as negative and positive control. The sterile distilled water served as the negative control, ciprofloxacin used as the positive control. The bottom of the wells 1 -4 was sealed with one drop of the sterile nutrient agar to prevent diffusion of the extract under the agar. Fixed volumes (0.1 ml) of the extracts were transferred into the wells 1 -4 using a sterile Pasteur pipette. The control wells were filled with 0.1 ml of distilled water and ciprofloxacin. The plates were allowed on the bench for 40 min for pre-diffusion of the extract (Esimone et al., 1998) and then incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Antibacterial activity of the extracts were determined by measurement of the resulting zone diameters of inhibition (mm) against each test bacteria using a ruler. The experiment was carried out in triplicates and the mean values of the results were taken as antibacterial activity (Abayomi, 1982; Junaid et al., 2006). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) The MIC and MBC of the potent extracts was determined according to the macro broth dilution technique (Boron and Fingold, 1990). Standardized suspensions of the test organism was inoculated into a series of sterile tubes of nutrient broth containing dilutions (250, 200, 150, 100 and 50 mg/ml) of leaf extracts and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The MICs were read as the least concentration that inhibited any visible growth (absence of turbidity) of the test organisms. For MBC determination, a loopful of broth from each of the tubes that did not show any visible growth (no turbidity) during MIC determination was subcultured onto extract fresh free NA plates, and further incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The least concentration, at which no visible growth was observed, was noted as the MBC. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results of preliminary phytochemical screening of the seed extracts of B. coriacea are shown in Table 1. Results showed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, resins, saponin, steroidal rings, steroidal terpenes and tannin. The presence of phytochemicals in the seed extracts (Table 1) showed that the extracts possess antibacterial properties. These results are in agreement with similar study by Ajaiyeoba et al. (2003). Table 2 shows the results of antibacterial effects of seed extracts of the plant against the test bacteria. Results showed that the activity of the extracts against the test bacteria decreased with decrease in the concentration with the methanol extracts demonstrating higher activity (35 mm, 250 mg/ml,) than the hot water extracts (3 mm, 50 mg/ml). This could be because the Mbata et al. 003 HH2OD = Hot water (Dried seed), METD = Methanol (Dried seed). active component must be a highly poplar compound. It has been observed that the more polar the solvent the higher the yield of extraction (Chang et al., 1977), although the inhibitory effects of aqueous extract of medicinal plants has been reported (Tignokpa et al., 1986; Olayinka et al., 1992; Omer et al., 1998). Figure 1 and Table 3 showed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the test isolates respectively. Results showed that the values obtained are quite higher for the aqueous (hot) extracts than that of methanol extracts suggesting that extraction with methanol could produce better active antimicrobial phytochemicals which are contained in the seed. The presence of phytochemicals in the seed extracts that the extracts possess antibacterial properties. These results are in agreement with similar study by Ajaiyeoba et al. (2001). The observed antibacterial effects of the seeds on the bacterial isolates though in-vitro is an indication that the seed extracts could be effective in the management of infections cause by these organisms (Tables 1 and 2). Conclusion Results of the study showed that seed extracts of B. coriacea possessed phytochemical substances that can be used as components of new antimicrobial agents. Therefore there is need for further investigations in terms Nutritional value of Kolanut Agro-industrial by-products and crop wastes/ residues such as wheat offals, maize offals, maize wastes, palm kernel cake, cassava peels, rice bran, cocoa pod husk, kolanut husk, kola testa, etc. have proved to be valuable in replacing a certain proportion of maize in monogastric nutrition Ogbonna and Adebowale,1993). Olubamiwa et al. (2000) reported that kolanut husk meal (KHM) shared similarity with cocoa pod husk (CPH) but had higher crude protein and lower crude fibre contents than CPH. The kola pod husk has been used in the manufacture of poultry feeds, snail feed (KOLA-T). 10 to 15 percent dietary inclusions of KPH reduced feed cost while not sacrificing bird performance (Olubamiwa et al. 2002). Feeding KOLA-T solely to snails was found to be better than other common snail feedstuffs.( Asogwa et al, 2006) Economic/ industrial value of Kolanut Buchholzia coriacea wonderful kola possesses an invaluable but yet to be tapped potentials which, if exploited, will benefit the food industry. The fresh kola (B. coriacea) found to be more active on the test food borne pathogens than the hexane and methanol extracts (Ezekiel and Onyeoziri, 2008). Kolanut could be utilized in the producing countries to produce value added products such as the kola drink and thereby create and increase the income of farmers and industrialists in the country (Jayeola, 2001). It is also used in the manufacture of dyes and cola group of beverage drinks (Ajiboye and Afolayan, 2009). The kola pod husk has been used in the manufacture liquid detergent and organic fertilizer (Asogwa et al, 2006). There is also increasing demand for its usage in pharmaceutical industries and for production of soft drinks, wines and candles (Beattie, 1970; Ogutuga, 1975). Its uses have inevitably created a high demand in excess of its production (Oladokun, 1985). Medicinal value of Kolanut Kola nuts contain large amounts of caffeine and threobromine and are therefore used as a stimulant (Jaiyeola, 2001, Leakey, 2001; Omode et al., 1995). They produce a strong state of euphoria and well being, enhance alertness and physical energy, elevate mood, increase tactile sensitivity, suppress appetite and hunger. and are used as an aphrodisiac (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kolanut; Attfield, 1865). The caffeine in the nuts also acts as a bronchodilator, expanding the bronchial air passages, hence kola nuts are often used to treat whooping cough and asthma (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kolanut; Blades, 2000). Unlike other kola nuts however, bitter kola is believed to clean the digestive system, without side effects such as abdominal problems, even when a lot of nuts are eaten (Onochie and Stanfield, 1960). Atolaiye et al., (2009) observed that the extract of Eugenol, G. kola, Vitamin A, Vitamins A+D, Life Science Vitamin D, C. acuminata (white), C. nitida (pink) and C. nitida (red) are effective as antioxidants in red cell survival and viability. Furthermore, Ibikunle et al, (2011) concluded that kola nut extracts are sufficiently trichomonacidal and therefore potentially useful as therapeutic agents in the control of trichomoniasis. The result of the experiment carried out by Esimone et al, (2007) confirmed the adaptogenic property of G. kola seeds (GKS). It is possible that the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory properties of the flavonoids constituents of this herb are responsible for the adaptogenic effects. The findings of Okoko, (2009) show that the presence of four compounds namely garcinia biflavonoids GB1 and GB2, garcinal and garcinoic acid are partly responsible for the great antioxidant potential of G. kola seeds. This gives further evidence to the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potential of G. kola

CAKE MAKING 1

ABSTRACT Cake is an item of soft sweet food made from a mixture of flour, eggs, butter, sugar and other ingredients such as raising agents, [baking powder] and flavoring that is bake in an oven.cakes are made up of various shapes and sizes and often decorated ,usually used for ceremonial purposes. Cake is a popular snack served in most occasions mostly in weddings, birthday. Cake has various type namely apple sauce cakes, baba &savarin banana bread beef cake, birthday cake bishop cake etc FLOW CHART FOR CAKE PRODUCTION Ingredients Measuring Sieving/sorting Creaming Mixing Greasing Panning Baking depanning Cooling Dressing/decoration Distribution EXPLNATTION OF THE FLOW CHAR Ingredient: flour, eggs, butter, sugar, salt, baking powder, flavor, etc. Measuring: this is the weighing or measurement of various ingredients in order to know the quantity that will be required, like flour, butter, baking powder etc. Sieving: This is the removal of particles from the flour Creaming: the butter and sugar is creamed with a wooden stick and turned until it is welled dissolved Mixing: The flour, salt, butter, etc are thoroughly mixed and sufficient water is added to ensure even mixing. Greasing: the baking pan is adequately greased to ensure easy removal of the cake after baking. Panning: The mixed ingredients are poured into the greased baking pan of desired size and shape Inorder to give the cake a fine shape. Baking: The cake is baked at a temperature of 180 to 194 for 40 – 50 minutes Depanning: this involves the removal of the cake with a scrapper Cooling: this involves the cooling of the cake. These process is usually carried out before the cake is being dressed and decorated. Distribution/ consumption: This is the last process of the cake. The cake is either taken to the market or occasion depending on the purpose of the production.

AN APPRAISAL OF COCA COLA’S SALES STRATEGY ON FEDERAL POLYTECHNI NEKEDE STUDENTS CONSUMERS.

appraisal Definitions (3)Add to FlashcardsSave to FavoritesSee Examples 1.Impartial analysis and evaluation conducted according to established criteria to determine the acceptability, merit, or worth of an item. 2.Evaluation by a qualified appraiser to (1) assess the current market value of a property, (2) estimate the extent of damage to an insured property and cost of repairs, or (3) determine if a total loss occurred. A written appraisal is usually a key requirement when a property is bought, sold, insured, or mortgaged. It is required also when a claim is filed for compensation for damage or destruction of the insured property. See also appraisal value. 3.Alternative term for valuation. Use appraisal in a sentence • When you are looking to acquire a piece of property you should have an appraisal to get an impartial judgement on its value. Was this Helpful? (25) (0) • I needed to have an important part of the process of selling my home completed by next week so I paid extra to get the appraisal done immediately. Was this Helpful? (25) (0) • We are waiting on an appraisal for my car before we sell it; I am hoping to get the most out of it so I can invest in a newer car. DefinitionAdd to FlashcardsSave to FavoritesSee Examples Broad overview, outline, or skeleton of interlinked items which supports a particular approach to a specific objective, and serves as a guide that can be modified as required by adding or deleting items. Use framework in a sentence • We did a ton of brainstorming for the new business and eventually we had enough ideas to create our proposal which would serve as the framework for the new company. Was this Helpful? (25) (0) • Your business should have a good framework and organization to stabilize things when times may sometimes get rough for you. AN APPRAISAL OF COCA COLA’S SALES STRATEGY ON FEDERAL POLYTECHNI NEKEDE STUDENTS CONSUMERS. TABLE OF CONTENT COVER PAGE APPROVAL PAGE i DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii TABLE OF CONTENT iv ABSTRACT vii CHAPTER ONE 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1.3 PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY (OR/DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY ) 1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.2 CONCEPTUAL REVIEW 2.3 EMPIRICAL REVIEW CHAPTER THREE 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 3.2 AREA OF STUDY 3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY 3.4 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 3.5 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION 3.6 SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION 3.7 VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENT 3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS CHAPTER FIVE: 5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 5.2 RECOMMENDATION 5.3 CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX CHAPTER ONE 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Coca-cola Company is one of the fastest growing multinational enterprises in Nigeria. History has shown that the coca-cola company has touched so many lives since World War II Retro planet (2008). However, to examine the ways in which the coca-cola company has used marketing strategies to grow in the overseas markets, more especially Nigeria, and to also evaluate the strategic responses it has made or might make when entering overseas markets, it is imperative to know briefly the history of the coca-cola company. A Brief History of Coca-Cola Company The history of Coca-Cola Company as portrayed by Retro planet (2008) that, it was first invented by John Stith Pemberton in 1886 as a drink meant to impart good health and stamina. Pemberton was a pharmacist from Columbus, Georgia who originally made a Coca wine called Pemberton’s French wine coca in 1885.When prohibition laws were passed within his country, Pemberton position out to make a new non-alcoholic drink. What he creates was pleasant tasting syrup that could be mixed with carbonated water and served at the soda fountain as a refreshing drink. He first sold this drink for five [5] cents a glass at his establishment Jacob’s pharmacist in Atlanta, Georgia. The average sales for the first eight months average nine glasses a day. Another Atlanta pharmacist and businessman, Asa Griggs Candler brought into Pemberton Company, and in the following year, pemberton sold Candler his remaining interest in the company. Asa Candler purchase exclusive rights to the coca-cola formula in 1891 and by the subsequent year had increased sales ten times over. Sales were going so well that Candler sold his pharmaceutical business and committed himself fully to the success of coca-cola. His brother, John and pemberton former partner frank Robinson joined Candler and together they formed the coca-cola company. The trade mark “coca-cola” was registered in the US patent office on January 31, 1893.Candler constantly grow the business with persuasive advertising and distributing thousands of free drinks coupons. In 1894 the popular drink was sold in bottles for the first time. Beginning in 1899, independent bottling companies were licensed to bottle the drink, a practice that is still in use today by US soft drink industry. In 1920 to 1926 Robert woodruff was president and established the foreign department, which in 1930 became a subsidiary of coca-cola known as the coca-cola export corporation. Woodruff was dogged to expand of the coca-cola company internationally. Plants had already been built in France, Cuba, Panama, Canada, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam. Woodruff brings out the world-shattering new 6 bottles cartons that made it easier to take bottles of coca-cola home. In 1928, sales of coca cola in bottles go beyond sales at the soda origin for the first time. In 1929 metal top opening coolers were created to dispense bottles of ice-cold coca cola in stores and filling stations. An evaluation of marketing strategies undertaken by Coca Cola company as a multinational Mechanical soda dispensers made their entrance in 1933 at the Chicago world’s fair when coca cola introduced the dole master dispenser. This was the first soda dispenser that was able to mix the carbonated water and soda syrup together automatically which was then dispensed merely with a pull of the handle. When the world war II broke out Robert woodruff was quoted as saying that he wanted to “see that every man in uniform get a bottle of coca cola for 5cents. Wherever he is and whatever it cost the company”. During the war, 64 bottling plants were constructed as closed as was possible near areas of combat in North Africa, the pacific and Europe. Military personnel consumed more than 5 billion bottles of coca cola during World War II. The coca cola company introduced diet coke in 1982. This was the first extension of the coca cola and coke trademark. In two years time, diet coke was the top selling diet soft drink in the world. In 1985 the formula for coca cola was transformed and the coca cola company free a new coke. There was such a negative reaction to this change that the old formula was re-released within 8 months with the name coca cola classic. On July 12, 1985, the new coke was the first soft drink to be consumed in space, having been place in specially designed cans just for the trip on the space competitor. These containers were called the “coca cola space can”. Diet coke became the first diet soft drink consumed in space aboard the space transport discovery in February 1995.this trip marked the first time soda fountain equipment was used in space. Today coca cola produces nearly 450 brands in more than 200 countries and rates as one of the most acknowledgeable brand in the world. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This project is focused on studying the various marketing strategies of Coca-Cola and the scenario, the problem lie on how to get to student of Federal polytechnic Nekede as its target customer, as earlier said that coca cola is a multi-national company. How to get there products to the reach of student as at when due, is one of the strategy of that need to be considered by the personnel manager/ management of the company. Another problem is producing what the student wants and what they like and giving it to them when need. 1.3 PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objectives of this study is as follows 1. To study the marketing strategies adopted by Coca-Cola 2. To study the advertising effectiveness Coca-Cola on customer 3. To analyze the awareness of consumer regarding Coca Cola. 4. To help the company for further changes in the quality, pricing, and policies. To examine how feasibility study affect sale strategy in the country. 5. To highlight the extent in which marketing is profitable ventures. 6. To examine how distribution of product affect sales performance in Owerri, Nekede in particular. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS In order to get information from respondents the following questions where formulated: 1. What type of coca cola drink do they need? 2. When do the students like taking the coke? 3. What is the student income per day? 4. What is the health benefit of coke? 5. Is every one free from taking coke? 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY with sales people about their personal career goals.. After creating the long-term sales strategy based on long-term goals, sales managers should create monthly and weekly sales strategies based on the long-term strategy. This allows for short-term performance measurement of the sales team. This study will be useful to the executive and managers in the Planning and creating an effective sales strategy requires looking at long-term sales goals and analyzing the business sales cycle, as well as meeting their prospective buyers (students). This is because it provides guidance which will enhance effect and efficient sales management aimed at attaining and boosting maximum profitability and sells. Finally to the researcher, this is an eye opener because as a potential manager it will guide one in future on how to manage sales strategy. Going through these exercises helps business owners and managers gain a more intimate knowledge of the sales intervals, seasonal changes and what motivates the sales team. 1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY This research is on coca cola’s sales strategy on federal polytechnic nekede students consumers. And also the various forms of sales strategy used by company. The researcher will base this work on the entire consumer federal polytechnic nekede students in particular. 1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY There are constraints encountered in carrying out this research work, this includes; 1. TIME FACTOR This research work was conducted simultaneously with normal academic work within a short period of time in which some valuable information could be obtained. 2. FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY In an effort to have a sufficient research material to be able to write extensively on the subject matter, the researcher was faced with some financial predicament considering high cost of not only education materials coupled with the high transport fare. 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS Marketing Strategies Evans & Berman (1995) described marketing strategy as a plan designed to influence exchanges to achieve organizational objectives. Kotler & Armstrong (1996) viewed marketing strategy as the marketing logic by which the business unit hopes to achieve its marketing objectives. It consists of specific strategies for target markets, positioning the marketing mix, and marketing expenditure levels. Multinational Companies Onuoha (1991) defines multinational companies as companies that have subsidiaries and sales facilities throughout the world. They are also considered to be companies having production and marketing facilities in many countries depending on foreign income and being with a worldwide point of view. Nickels et al(2002) viewed multinational company as an organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries; it has multinational stock – ownership and multinational management. They further said that, the more nations in which a company operates, the more it attempts to avoid restriction from various MARKETING MIX It is a set of controllable tactical marketing tools - product, price, place & promotion - that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. Sales Strategy A sales strategy consists of a plan that positions a company’s brand or product to gain a competitive advantage. Successful strategies help the sales force focus on target market customers and communicate with them in relevant, meaningful ways. Sales representatives need to know how their products or services can solve customer problems. A successful sales strategy conveys this so that the sales force spends time targeting the correct customers at the right time. Appraisal Impartial analysis and evaluation conducted according to established criteria to determine the acceptability, merit, or worth of an item. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION The coca cola in Nigeria have used the strategy of marketing mix to market her products internationally. This strategy takes into account different tactics which the coca cola company have survey and discovered it to be acceptable for the company to use in Nigeria. Under this marketing mix, the following tactics are used by the company to convince the consumers to patronise the coca cola product as the number one beverages drinks in Nigeria. This tactics employed by the coca cola company has four elements term “the 4Ps” which is express as, promotion, products, price and place. However, the basic task of marketing is combining these four elements into a marketing programme to facilitate the potentials for exchange with consumers in the market place. Promotion tactics.- This explains the organisational total effort attempt to attained increase sales in the short run. The coca cola had spent a large sums of money on the given and provision of reasons and incentives to the middlemen and the consumers of the coca cola products to pull them to buy their products. As admit by Belch and Belch (2007 =P9) that “a firm can spend large sums of money on advertising or sales promotion but it stands little chance of success if the product is of poor quality, if priced improperly or does not have adequate distribution to consumers”. The coca cola company would continuous to grow in Nigeria because it spent much amount of money in sales promotion and advertising. For example the company organises different competitive shows in Nigeria tertiary institutions (polytechnic) in the name of sales promotion and advertising, also towards the period of festivities such as Christmas and sallah, the company would always introduced one promotional activities or the other. In spites of all these activities, the coca cola company uninterruptedly grows. This is because the standardization of their product is appreciated and contributory to the fast growing of the company. This is what Michael porter term “jockeying for position” in his theory of five marketing strategies analysis, Wall, et’al(2010 nd Ekpenyong=P241). He further states that policies towards pricing, promotion, product innovation and services level must be analyse very well to successfully position the company for defence against competitive forces, influence the balance of forces through strategic move and anticipate changes in the factors underlying the forces and respond to them. Product tactics.- this tends to explains the life cycle of a product. In Nigeria for example, the coca cola company since her establishment in Nigeria 1951, it is still growing and maturing, it’s has not get to the declining stage Obi (2011). The international marketing managers have work well to know the basic needs of Nigerians on the aspects of beverages drinks. In fact most of the ethnic groups in Nigeria have included the coca cola drinks as one of the items listed on the bride price of their marriage rites particularly the EGGON EXTRATE in Nasarawa state. The coca cola in Nigeria over five years ago have introduced plastic bottles of the coca cola drinks alongside with the already existing bottles in which the consumer can buy anywhere in the country and disposed after used. This reduces the stress of buying and consumed at a spot and given back bottle. The coca cola dealers in Nigeria have a unique common characteristic of delivery the products in bits from kiosk to kiosk to their retailers at a uniform price. This activity is termed after sale services. It is believe that the coca cola company is discipline and acts accordance to the legal and political guide lines of the overseas societies. As found by Cateora and Graham (2007 =P13) that “the Indian Government, for example, gave the coca cola company the choice of either revealing its secret formula or leaving the country. The coca cola chose to leave. When it was welcomed back several years later, it faces harassment and constant interference with its operations from political activities, inspired by competing soft drink companies”. All this effort put forward by coca cola Company in international marketing of their products has helped them to grow very well in Nigeria. Kenneth Andrew SWOT and PESTLE theory is highly practice in their process of marketing. For example, new plastic coca cola bottles, after sales services obedience to the law etc are classified under external situation that the firm must cope with at the cause of international marketing of his product Wall, e’tal(2010 =P240) Price tactics.- price is the determinant of the forces of demand and supply by allocating resources among the consumers and the producers in the market. Here it is use to predict the competitors responses, it is also help to select particular pricing approaches for the firms’ product. In Nigeria for example, the coca cola used what we called “price penetration”. That is price set in, so as to cover a large market as possible in a short period of time. This is what the company use to capture the beverages market in Nigeria. If you go to any part of the country (Nigeria) today you would discovered that the price of the coca cola is uniform. However, it is also pertinent to know that the coca cola company in Nigeria neither practice price skimming, that is charging of high price in order to attract high revenue and profits nor discriminatory pricing where lower prices are charge for the same product in same market than in other. The porters’ analyses of treating customer as rivals are shown here. This is because no customer can attest to the formula use by the coca cola company to produce their product but the company have a friendly relationship with the customer in terms of performance and integrity. Place tactics – this involve selection of distribution channels, transport arrangement etc. The Coca cola Company in areas of distributive channels has tried so much by reaching almost every part of Nigeria. The company is said to have twelve factory plants, sixty depots and over four hundred thousand dealers nationwide Obi (2011). The above expression shows that the coca cola company have a strong base in Nigeria in the areas of distribution channels. This also contributed to her fastest growing among the multinational enterprises in Nigeria. 2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK There are many theories of business strategies being forwarded by different academic writers. Amongst these theories includes: Kenneth Andrew SWOT and PESTLE analysis = this theory was based on the premise that the final strategy adopted by a company should achieve a “fit” between her internal power (strength and weaknesses) and the external situation (opportunity and threat). This is commonly known as SWOT analysis. The external situation highlighted the general environmental influence that firm must cope with .e.g. political, economic, social, technological, legal and ecological factor (PESTLE) The internal situation identify those things the organisation does specifically well (strength) and those that limit her ability to fulfil her purpose (weaknesses).e.g. marketing, organisation, personnel and financial features. Wall, et’al (2010:P240) Mechanical soda dispensers made their entrance in 1933 at the Chicago world’s fair when coca cola introduced the dole master dispenser. This was the first soda dispenser that was able to mix the carbonated water and soda syrup together automatically which was then dispensed merely with a pull of the handle. When the world war II broke out Robert woodruff was quoted as saying that he wanted to “see that every man in uniform get a bottle of coca cola for 5cents. Wherever he is and whatever it cost the company”. During the war, 64 bottling plants were constructed as closed as was possible near areas of combat in North Africa, the pacific and Europe. Military personnel consumed more than 5 billion bottles of coca cola during World War II. The coca cola company introduced diet coke in 1982. This was the first extension of the coca cola and coke trademark. In two years time, diet coke was the top selling diet soft drink in the world. In 1985 the formula for coca cola was transformed and the coca cola company free a new coke. There was such a negative reaction to this change that the old formula was re-released within 8 months with the name coca cola classic. On July 12, 1985, the new coke was the first soft drink to be consumed in space, having been place in specially designed cans just for the trip on the space competitor. These containers wer e called the “coca cola space can”. Diet coke became the first diet soft drink consumed in space aboard the space transport discovery in February 1995.this trip marked the first time soda fountain equipment was used in space. Today coca cola produces nearly 450 brands in more than 200 countries and rates as one of the most acknowledgeable brand in the world. 2.2 CONCEPTUAL REVIEW This is the activities of a firm or business organisation in making one or more marketing mix decisions across national boundaries Doole and Lowe (2004). That is a situation which involves a firm establishing manufacturing facilities overseas and coordinating marketing strategies across the globe. In international marketing, the world is seen as a market segmented by socio-cultural, legal, economic, political and technological grouping which constitute international marketing environment. For the firm to be successful in his international marketing decision, the above factors must be strictly followed. For example socio- cultural factor includes language, religion and materials culture affect consumers’ perception and patterns of buying behaviour. The legal factor also involves the law of the host country in which the firm operate under; this therefore determined the level of the firm operation etc. According to Evans and Berman (1990) in Idio (2010 =P156) state that marketing is the anticipation, stimulation, regulation, facilitation and satisfaction of consumers and public’s demand for product, services, organisation, people, place and idea through the exchange process. Therefore in marketing, firm would always consider the future of the economy, demonstrate benefit of their product, product must always be available, have a good and easy service to the consumer and satisfy consumer expectation. Strategies– according to Johnson etal (2009:219) define strategy as the path and scope of an establishment over the long-term which achieves benefit for the organisation through its composition of resource within a demanding environment, to meet the needs of markets and to accomplish stakeholders’ hope. It is about where is the business trying to get to in the long run, which market should a business compete in and what kind of activities are involved in such market? How can the business perform better than the competition in those markets? What resources are required in order to be able to compete? What external environmental factors affect the business ability to compete and what are the values and expectations of those who have power in and around the business. All these are what strategy tends to achieve. 2.3 EMPIRICAL REVIEW The guiding principle of any business organisation is to maximize profit and any other reason is added. Therefore for any business to be carried out the firm would undergo a strong business research to know the strategies he will employed in order to run a successful business in a given society. Once a survey has been conducted, the firm or organisation would develop a marketing / sales strategy to guide her on marketing activities. However, there are marketing strategies adopted by firms which are classified under the concepts of marketing segmentation and marketing mix. These concepts are further explained by Wall, et’al (2010 =P239) as follows: Marketing segmentation - strong choice has to be made as to which market segment to target. Market segment is a group of valuable consumers who posses unique characteristics in common. For example found within certain income range, age rang, or occupational profile. Quite a number of these segments have been identified as more likely to patronize that product than others. Having identified the segment, the organisation would take decision whether to implement one segment or all the segments. Once the decision on which segment to use is taking, the firm can go ahead and make production positioning to the segmented areas. Segmentation contributed to “niche” or specialist market. That is, people who are more affluent or are highly place in the society demanding product that are of high quality and attract higher prices. Niche market supported the growth of small firm. This is true because large firm has found many of these segments too small to service with the expectation of high benefits. THE SALE STRATEGY THAT SHOULD USED BY COCA COLA’S ON STUDENT OF FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC CONSUMERS IS AS FOLLOWS. PROMOTION STRATEGY This involve levels of emphasis put into advertising, sales promotion, technological change, personal selling, public relation etc. The advertising-the coca cola popular saying “when you drink don’t drive, drink coca cola” this remind us to do something. Therefore, advertising is act of keeping the consumers or user of a product inform about the existence and relevance of a product compare to others. The firm has to launch tactical and special method to bring consumers into notice about the existence of her product within the school and why consumer must buy her products. Iganiga and Ikharehon( 2004 ) in Effiong and Ekpenyong (2010 =P27)state that “as advertising give reasons to buy the brand of the product or services, sales promotion offers incentives to buy the product”. This further explains what advertising does in marketing of the product. According to Engel at’el (1991)g (2010 =P27) state that advertising paid non personal communication through various media by business firms, nonprofit organisations, and individuals who are in some way identified in the advertising massage and who hope to inform and/or persuade members of a particular audience ; include communication of products, service, institution and ideas. The sales promotion- For many business expert and academics, sales promotion is regarded as typical marketing techniques that add value to a product in order to achieve specific marketing goals Andromida (2011). However, the institute of sales promotion defines sales promotion as “a range of tactical marketing techniques, design within a strategic marketing framework, to add product or services, in order to achieve a specific sales and marketing objective, Chartered Institute of Marketing (2011). Just as admitted by Iganiga and Ikharehon (2004 ) in Effiong and Ekpenyong (2010 =P27) that “as advertising give reasons to buy the brand of the product or services, sales promotion offers incentives to buy the product”. Therefore, as a result of the above explanations, sales promotion is very important as it did not only help to boost sales but also help a firm to attract new customers and maintained older ones. Technological change- technology has simplified almost all kinds of activities in the world. In marketing, it is a major driving force both in international marketing and in the move towards a more global market place. The impact of technological advancement can be seen in all aspect of the marketing process. The ability to gather data on market, management control capabilities and the practicalities of carrying out the business function internationally have been revolutionised in recent years with the advances in electronic communications. Satellite communications, the internet and the worldwide web, client server technologies, cable as well as email, faxes and advanced telephone network, have all led to dramatic shrinkages in worldwide communications. Access to information using all these gadgets is 24 hours a day service believed by Doole and Lowe (2009 =17) PRODUCTS STRATEGY -This involved the art of modifying the various stages, such as introduction, growth, maturity, decline etc, of the “product life cycle”. Example, attempt may be made to extend the “maturity stage” by finding new markets for existing product, new uses for the product or modifying the product and after sales services and policy for customer care. All these activities help to facilitate the marketing of the firm’s products. PRICE STRATEGY This is use to predict the competitors responses. Price also helps to select particular pricing approaches for the firm product. Example “price skimming and price penetration” can be use. The former explain how price is allotted high in order to attract higher revenue and profit and the later explain how low price is set in, so as to reach a large market as possible in a short period of time. “Discriminating pricing” may also be allotted by the firm where lower prices can be charge for the same product in some market than the other. PLACE STRATEGY This involves selection of distribution channels, transport arrangement etc. For example pre eminence in distributional policy might be given to distributional channels such as selling from the producer to the consumer, producer to the retailer and producer to the wholesaler or franchising. CHAPTER THREE 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The methodology adopted for conducting this research is aimed at finding out an appraisal of coca cola’s sales strategy on federal polytechni nekede students consumers. Research design aimed at showing the various methods and procedures of the research work. The methodology adopted for this work reflects the researcher’s sense of originality and power of mental enquiring. The method of enquiring data collection, questionnaire design and data analysis technique will substantiate this fact. 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN Research design according to Osuala E.C. (2001) is the blue print or plan which determine the nature and scope of study carried out or proposed. The research design used in this project is descriptive design which seek to describe the existing status of what is being investigated and it will also help the researcher to know where the variable are gotten and how the objectives could be achieved. This descriptive approach involves the normal gathering analysis and interpretations or a set of data so as to explain the underling factors that surround the problems that triggered of the research. 3.2 SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION The researcher used two basic sources of data collection in the process of conducting the research, the researcher used both primary and secondary sources of data collection. i. PRIMARY SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION Primary source of data collection are information that are generated specifically for the purpose of this research work. In this study, data were got from personal observation, interview and responses on the questionnaire. The questionnaire is a well structured one, which permit the respondents to answer (yes or no). the questions are designed in the closed ended manner in order to ensure accurate statistical evaluation. ii SECONDARY SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION The secondary sources of data were gotten from existing information that are already written, published and unpublished that are related to the topic which includes textbooks, journals newspaper, international financial publication towards development. 3.3 AREA OF STUDY This study centres on an appraisal of coca cola’s sales strategy on federal polytechni nekede student’s consumers. 3.4 POPULATION OF THE STUDY Population is the number of respondents, the researcher is investigating. This also known as the universe. The population under study consists of 200 student’s federal polytechni nekede . 3.5 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES We study a sample because it would be virtually impossible to study the entire population due to constraints of time and costs. However, the sample must be representative of the population from which it is draw. In other to determine the sample size, the researcher used a 5% level of significance, the sample size was derived using Yaro Yamnane formular n = N 1+ N (e)2 Where n = sample size N = Population of the study e = level of significance/Error estimate at 5% 1 = Constant n = 200 1+ 200 (0.05)2 n = 200 1+ 200 (0.0025) n = 200 1+ 0.05 n = 200 = 133.33 1.5 = 133 3.6 SAMPLE SIZE The sample size of the study as determined from the population is 133, therefore the sample size = 133. the researcher used simple random sampling technique to select the sample from the population. 3.7 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION The researcher will make use of the most appropriate and suitable instruments for data collection. The instrument is questionnaire and direct interview the questionnaire will be generated in line with the research questions in a simple and clear grammar to enable the respondent understand and respond to the research questions. In this study, the researcher will also employ other instruments for data collection like personal observation and interview. 3.8 RELIABILITY OF MEASURING INSTRUMENT Odo ibid, citing Ibanga, Williams, Kerlinger, Behing, Bowen et al and Borg et al defined reliability of an instrument as a process of obtaining information on degree to which a measure will yield similar results for the same subjects at different times under different conditions on a consistent, dependable, stable, predictable and accurate way. The researcher used the test-retest process to establish the reliability of the instrument. According to Odo ibid, stated that the test-retest is a process whereby the researcher administers the constructed questionnaire to the same reliability sample group more than once with the view of discovering how consistent each element of the group is in the scoring of the instrument at those different times. The researcher wants to show the reader that she ought to trust or depend on the results generated with her instrument of the study. Measuring instrument is reliable it provides the same data when administered twice or more times in any other local government under similar conditions. The instrument was test-retest for reliability, test-retest was conducted at Umuahia South Local Government where the questionnaire was administered to members of selected staffs. These was retrieved, presented and analyzed. The results of the two were compared. Where the results are found to be similar, the researcher was convinced that the instrument was reliable. 3.9 VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENT According to Bowen etal and Runkel etal validity can be defined as the process of finding out the degree to which a researcher or a test indeed measures what it purports to measure. In other words the questionnaire instruments or tests or items concern the content of the variables or rational categories the researcher has identified as the element of these variables of which she feels that by using them to test her respondents, she will receive similar answers from them. By instrumentation validation, the researcher tries to show her readers that what she thought the contents of the study to mean are what the umpires have taken them also to mean. In order to establish the validity of the instrument, the researcher used the pilot test technique. According to Odo pilot test technique could be defined as the process of trying out the entire aspects of a study including analysis of the data following closely the procedures planned for the main study before launching the main study. For this purpose, the researcher selected 14 respondents identical to the proposed sample group of the main study from a population other than the main study. The researcher distributed the constructed questionnaire to them to score. She scored one the way she expected them to score. She then compared the result side by-side with each one scored by the respondent 12 out of the 14 (86%) of the respondents made definite decision on the questions. The researcher, therefore claimed that the instrument was valid. 3.10 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS The data collected is going to be presented in a tabulated form with focus on the major research questions in other to enable the researcher determine the results. Data collected were analyzed by use of simple percentage analysis. The following formular was applied. f x 100 n 1 Where f = frequency of response n = number of respondents Decision Rule All positive respondents to any item are recognized as a factors.   CHAPTER FIVE: 5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 5.2 RECOMMENDATION The coca cola company have tried much in international marketing of her products in Nigeria. However, the same factors that had pushed her up would as well pull her down if good sustainable measure is not taken. Therefore, the researchers recommend that firstly, the area of corporate social responsibility should be highly considered and should gear toward rural areas where highest population of developing economy like Nigeria are found. In the same vein the people oriented project should be executed. This would sustain and will also increase the level of demand for the coca cola products; Secondly, in a country of over one hundred and sixty million people, the number of factory plants is just twelve which is very small, because most of the people need the coca cola products. 5.3 CONCLUSION In conclusion, the coca cola company in Nigeria has grown fast and well because it has used human oriented strategies which contributed to her ever growing in the country. Among the strategies make use of by the coca cola company that won the attention of the consumers to her products include; consistent advertising of the products, constant organisation of sales promotion activities, the production of standard products, provision of after sale services, obeying law and political structure of the country, introduction of disposable bottles of coca cola, charging of affordable prices for their products and finally the company has twelve strong factory plants, sixty depots and over four hundred thousand dealers of the coca cola products. BIBLIOGRAPHY References [1] Adromida (2011) sales promotion/marketing mix strategy and ideas and method (online): available at:http://andromida.hubpages.com/hub/co. [2] Belch G.E. and Belch, M. A (2007) Advertising and Promotion. An integrated marketing communications perspective. Seventh edition. [3] Bennett, R (1998 =1). International Marketing Strategy, Planning, Market entry and Implementation. Second edition. 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